---
title: evidence — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «evidence» in the school dictionary: Evidence is facts, signs or objects that show something is true or help to prove it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# evidence

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Evidence, objects, something, someone, Fossils, dinosaurs · **What happens:** be, show, help, prove, decide, do · **To what, where:** facts, Evidence, court, crime, text, question · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«evidence» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [evidence in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/evidence.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Evidence is facts, signs or objects that show something is true or help to prove it.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:m1:1
# text = Evidence is facts, signs or objects that show something is true or help to prove it.
1	Evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	objects	object	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	ccomp	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	prove	prove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Evidence | facts and signs or objects |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | present | objects |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **help** | infinitive | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 5 | **prove** | to-infinitive | something *not said here* | Evidence |  |  |  |  | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In a court, evidence is what is shown to help decide if someone did a crime.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:m2:1
# text = In a court, evidence is what is shown to help decide if someone did a crime.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	0	root	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	shown	show	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	decide	decide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	_
13	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
14	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	15	nsubj	_	_
15	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	ccomp	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | evidence |  |  | a court |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **show** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: clause=Topic |
| 3 | **help** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 4 | **decide** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **do** *a condition, not said to happen* | past | someone | a crime |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crime=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fossils are evidence that dinosaurs lived long ago.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:x1:1
# text = Fossils are evidence that dinosaurs lived long ago.
1	Fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
7	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	8	advmod	_	_
8	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Fossils | evidence |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | past | dinosaurs | evidence *not said here* |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme evidence=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The detective looked for evidence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:x2:1
# text = The detective looked for evidence.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	detective	detective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | the detective |  |  |  |  | for evidence | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for evidence=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Use evidence from the text to answer the question.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:x3:1
# text = Use evidence from the text to answer the question.
1	Use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	answer	answer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	question	question	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | imperative | you *not said here* | evidence |  | the text |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Patient |
| 2 | **answer** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the question |  |  |  |  | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent question=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is no evidence that the moon is made of cheese.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:x4:1
# text = There is no evidence that the moon is made of cheese.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	cheese	cheese	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | no evidence |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive | no evidence *not said here* | the moon |  |  |  | of cheese | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Muddy footprints were evidence that the dog had come in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:x5:1
# text = Muddy footprints were evidence that the dog had come in.
1	Muddy	muddy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	footprints	footprint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	come	come	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	acl	_	_
10	in	in	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Muddy footprints | evidence |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **come in** | past · perfect | the dog | evidence *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location evidence=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists collect evidence before they decide.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:x6:1
# text = Scientists collect evidence before they decide.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	collect	collect	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	decide	decide	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **collect** | present | Scientists | evidence |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Theme |
| 2 | **decide** | present | Scientists *= scientist* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The police kept the evidence safe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:evidence:x7:1
# text = The police kept the evidence safe.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	police	police	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	safe	safe	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | the police | the evidence |  |  |  | safe *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent evidence=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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