---
title: exhortation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «exhortation» in the school dictionary: An exhortation is a strong, serious request or speech that urges people to do something. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/exhortation/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [E](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/) / exhortation

# exhortation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** exhortation, speech, short talk, general, nobody, teacher · **What happens:** be, urge, do, encourage, live, prepare · **To what, where:** strong serious request, people, something, short talk, church services, soldiers

<!-- .vabout -->
«exhortation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [exhortation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/exhortation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An exhortation is a strong, serious request or speech that urges people to do something.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exhortation:m1:1
# text = An exhortation is a strong, serious request or speech that urges people to do something.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	exhortation	exhortation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	request	request	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	urges	urge	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
16	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a exhortation | a strong serious request or speech |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **urge** | present | speech | people |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent people=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | speech *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: church — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In some church services, an exhortation is a short talk encouraging the people to live well or to prepare for prayer or communion.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exhortation:m2:1
# text = In some church services, an exhortation is a short talk encouraging the people to live well or to prepare for prayer or communion.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
3	church	church	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	services	service	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	exhortation	exhortation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	talk	talk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	encouraging	encourage	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	acl	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	advcl	_	_
17	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	16	advmod	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	prepare	prepare	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	conj	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	prayer	prayer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	communion	communion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a exhortation | a short talk |  | some church services |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **encourage** | gerund | a short talk *not said here* | the people |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme |
| 3 | **live** | to-infinitive | a short talk *not said here* |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **prepare** | to-infinitive | a short talk *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for prayer or communion | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for prayer=Beneficiary |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The general's exhortation filled the soldiers with courage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exhortation:x1:1
# text = The general's exhortation filled the soldiers with courage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	general	general	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	exhortation	exhortation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	courage	courage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | the general's exhortation | the soldiers |  |  |  | with courage | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent soldier=Patient with courage=Instrument |
| 2 | **exhort** |  | the general |  |  |  |  |  | nom exhortation «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Despite the teacher's exhortations, nobody tidied up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exhortation:x2:1
# text = Despite the teacher's exhortations, nobody tidied up.
1	Despite	despite	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	exhortations	exhortation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	8	nsubj	_	_
8	tidied	tidy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	up	up	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tidy up** | past | nobody |  |  |  |  | despite the teacher's exhortations | tree rules |
| 2 | **exhort** |  | the teacher |  |  |  |  |  | nom exhortation «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The preacher ended with an exhortation to love one another.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exhortation:x3:1
# text = The preacher ended with an exhortation to love one another.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	preacher	preacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ended	end	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	exhortation	exhortation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	love	love	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	obj	_	_
10	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | past | the preacher |  |  |  |  | with a exhortation | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality PP.subeventuality»: agent=Affector with exhortation=Subeventuality |
| 2 | **love** | to-infinitive | the preacher *not said here* | one |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer one=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Posters carried exhortations to save water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exhortation:x4:1
# text = Posters carried exhortations to save water.
1	Posters	poster	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	exhortations	exhortation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	save	save	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | past | Posters | exhortations |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent exhortation=Theme |
| 2 | **save** | to-infinitive | Posters *not said here* | water |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The coach shouted exhortations from the side of the pitch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exhortation:x5:1
# text = The coach shouted exhortations from the side of the pitch.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shouted	shout	VERB	VBD	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	exhortations	exhortation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	pitch	pitch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shout** *speech: express* | past | the coach | exhortations |  | the side of the pitch |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent exhortation=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paul's letters are full of exhortations to be kind and patient.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exhortation:x6:1
# text = Paul's letters are full of exhortations to be kind and patient.
1	Paul	Paul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	exhortations	exhortation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
10	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	patient	patient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Paul's letters |  |  |  |  | of exhortations; full *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | to-infinitive | Paul's letters *not said here* |  |  |  |  | kind *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | Paul's letters *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **letter** |  | Paul |  |  |  |  |  | nom letter «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [exhilarating](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/exhilarating/)
- next →: [exhume](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/exhume/)
- ↑ back to [E in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/)