---
title: exoskeleton — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «exoskeleton» in the school dictionary: An exoskeleton is a hard outer covering that supports and protects the body of animals such as insects, spiders, crabs and lobsters, instead of bones inside. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/exoskeleton/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [E](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/) / exoskeleton

# exoskeleton

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** exoskeleton, hard outer covering, robotic exoskeleton, person, Crabs, We · **What happens:** be, support, protect, wear, help, walk · **To what, where:** hard outer covering, body, machine suit, outside, person, heavy things

<!-- .vabout -->
«exoskeleton» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [exoskeleton in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/exoskeleton.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An exoskeleton is a hard outer covering that supports and protects the body of animals such as insects, spiders, crabs and lobsters, instead of bones inside.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exoskeleton:m1:1
# text = An exoskeleton is a hard outer covering that supports and protects the body of animals such as insects, spiders, crabs and lobsters, instead of bones inside.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	supports	support	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	protects	protect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
16	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	18	case	_	_
17	as	as	ADP	IN	_	16	fixed	_	_
18	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	spiders	spider	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	crabs	crab	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	lobsters	lobster	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
26	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	28	case	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	fixed	_	_
28	bones	bone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
29	inside	inside	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a exoskeleton | a hard outer covering |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **support** | present | a hard outer covering |  |  |  |  | inside *property* | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **protect** | present | a hard outer covering *not said here* | the body of animals such insects and spiders and crabs and lobsters |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent body=Beneficiary |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A robotic exoskeleton is a machine suit worn on the outside of the body to help a person walk or lift heavy things.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exoskeleton:m2:1
# text = A robotic exoskeleton is a machine suit worn on the outside of the body to help a person walk or lift heavy things.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	robotic	robotic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	machine	machine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	suit	suit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	outside	outside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	lift	lift	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	conj	_	_
22	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a robotic exoskeleton | a machine suit |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **wear** | participle |  | a machine suit *not said here* |  | the outside of the body |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **help** | to-infinitive |  | a person |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent person=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 4 | **walk** | infinitive | a person *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **lift** | infinitive | a person *not said here* | heavy things |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A beetle's exoskeleton is hard and shiny.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exoskeleton:x1:1
# text = A beetle's exoskeleton is hard and shiny.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	beetle	beetle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a beetle's exoskeleton |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | a beetle's exoskeleton *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crabs moult their exoskeleton as they grow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exoskeleton:x2:1
# text = Crabs moult their exoskeleton as they grow.
1	Crabs	crab	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	moult	moult	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **moult** | present | Crabs | Crabs's exoskeleton |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | present | Crabs *= crab* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We have an endoskeleton, but insects have an exoskeleton.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exoskeleton:x3:1
# text = We have an endoskeleton, but insects have an exoskeleton.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	endoskeleton	endoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | We | a endoskeleton |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent endoskeleton=Patient |
| 2 | **have** | present | insects | a exoskeleton |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent exoskeleton=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The exoskeleton protects the spider's soft body.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exoskeleton:x4:1
# text = The exoskeleton protects the spider's soft body.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	protects	protect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	spider	spider	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **protect** | present | the exoskeleton | the spider's soft body |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent body=Beneficiary |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A robotic exoskeleton helped the man walk again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exoskeleton:x5:1
# text = A robotic exoskeleton helped the man walk again.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	robotic	robotic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
8	again	again	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | past | a robotic exoskeleton |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **walk** | infinitive | the man |  |  |  | again |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We found the empty exoskeleton of a cicada on a tree.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:exoskeleton:x6:1
# text = We found the empty exoskeleton of a cicada on a tree.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	empty	empty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cicada	cicada	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | We | the empty exoskeleton of a cicada on a tree |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent exoskeleton=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [exoplanet](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/exoplanet/)
- next →: [exotic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/exotic/)
- ↑ back to [E in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/)