---
title: external — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «external» in the school dictionary: On the outside, or coming from the outside. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# external

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** outside, skin, cream, you, external angle, external examiner · **What happens:** come, not swallow, be, paint, mark, test · **To what, where:** outside, external examiner, place, external covering, external walls, music test · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«external» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [external in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/external.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On the outside, or coming from the outside.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:m1:1
# text = On the outside, or coming from the outside.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	outside	outside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	outside	outside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | gerund | the outside *not said here* |  |  | the outside |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from outside=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Coming from another place or person, not your own school or group: «an external examiner».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:m2:1
# text = Coming from another place or person, not your own school or group: «an external examiner».
1	Coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
4	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
10	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	external	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	examiner	examiner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | gerund |  | a external examiner |  | another place or person and your own school or group |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from place=Initial\_Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For use on the outside of the body only, not to be swallowed.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:m3:1
# text = For use on the outside of the body only, not to be swallowed.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	outside	outside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	only	only	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
13	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **swallow** | to-infinitive · passive |  |  |  |  |  | for use on the outside of the body | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V» |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The skin is the body's external covering.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:x1:1
# text = The skin is the body's external covering.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	external	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the skin | the body's external covering |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This cream is for external use only.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:x2:1
# text = This cream is for external use only.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	external	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	only	only	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | this cream |  |  |  |  | for external use | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Paint the external walls of the shed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:x3:1
# text = Paint the external walls of the shed.
1	Paint	paint	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	external	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	shed	shed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | imperative | you *not said here* | the external walls of the shed |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent wall=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The external angle of a triangle is outside the shape.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:x4:1
# text = The external angle of a triangle is outside the shape.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	external	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	angle	angle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	triangle	triangle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	outside	outside	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the external angle of a triangle |  |  |  |  | outside the shape | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An external examiner came to mark our music test.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:x5:1
# text = An external examiner came to mark our music test.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	external	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	examiner	examiner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	mark	mark	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	music	music	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | a external examiner |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mark** | to-infinitive | a external examiner *not said here* | our music test |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent test=Destination |
| 3 | **test** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom test «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
External noise from the road made it hard to sleep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:x6:1
# text = External noise from the road made it hard to sleep.
1	External	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	sleep	sleep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | External noise from the road | road |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 2 | **sleep** | to-infinitive | road *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Insects have an external skeleton called an exoskeleton.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:x7:1
# text = Insects have an external skeleton called an exoskeleton.
1	Insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	external	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	exoskeleton	exoskeleton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Insects | a external skeleton |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skeleton=Patient |
| 2 | **call** | participle | a external skeleton *not said here* | a exoskeleton |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent exoskeleton=Recipient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Nothing at all," answered their mother; "that's only something external.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:external:x8:1
# text = "Nothing at all," answered their mother; "that's only something external.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	7	nsubj	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	_
7	answered	answer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	only	only	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
15	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obl	_	_
16	external	external	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **answer** *speech: assert* | past | Nothing |  | their mother |  |  |  | vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent mother=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | that | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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