---
title: extra — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «extra» in the school dictionary: Extra means more than usual, or more than needed. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# extra

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Extra, She, He, extra hour, game, you · **What happens:** mean, need, be, add on, pay, run · **To what, where:** more, something, person, background, 3 extra laps, many extra chairs

<!-- .vabout -->
«extra» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [extra in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/extra.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Extra means more than usual, or more than needed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:m1:1
# text = Extra means more than usual, or more than needed.
1	Extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	obj	_	_
4	than	than	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	usual	usual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	parataxis	_	_
9	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Extra | more |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Topic |
| 2 | **need** | participle | Extra *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An extra is something added on, often for more money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:m2:1
# text = An extra is something added on, often for more money.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
5	added	add	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	often	often	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	11	amod	_	_
11	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a extra | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **add on** *speech: assert* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An extra is a person in the background of a film.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:m3:1
# text = An extra is a person in the background of a film.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	extra	extra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	background	background	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a extra | a person |  | the background of a film |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Extra can mean very: extra careful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:m4:1
# text = Extra can mean very: extra careful.
1	Extra	extra	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  | extra *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She paid $2 extra for cheese.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:x1:1
# text = She paid $2 extra for cheese.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	paid	pay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	$	$	SYM	$	_	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
5	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	cheese	cheese	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | past | She |  |  |  |  | for cheese | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent $=Asset for cheese=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He ran 3 extra laps.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:x2:1
# text = He ran 3 extra laps.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
4	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	laps	lap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | past | He | 3 extra laps |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme lap=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many extra chairs are needed?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:x3:1
# text = How many extra chairs are needed?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	chairs	chair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present · passive |  | many extra chairs |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each extra hour costs $5.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:x4:1
# text = Each extra hour costs $5.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
2	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	costs	cost	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	$	$	SYM	$	_	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | each extra hour |  |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme $=Value |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The game went into extra time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:x5:1
# text = The game went into extra time.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | the game |  |  |  | time |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bring an extra jumper in case it's cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:x6:1
# text = Bring an extra jumper in case it's cold.
1	Bring	bring	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	jumper	jumper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
6	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	fixed	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | imperative | you *not said here* | a extra jumper |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent jumper=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | jumper |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Be extra careful on icy paths.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:x7:1
# text = Be extra careful on icy paths.
1	Be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	cop	_	_
2	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	icy	icy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	paths	path	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | icy paths |  | careful *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She did extra reading practice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:extra:x8:1
# text = She did extra reading practice.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	reading	reading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | She | extra reading practice |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent practice=Eventuality |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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