---
title: falsification — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «falsification» in the school dictionary: Falsification is changing facts, documents, evidence or results in a dishonest way so that they show something untrue. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# falsification

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Falsification, facts, idea, science, company, scientist · **What happens:** change, show, be, test, work, fine · **To what, where:** facts, dishonest way, something, Falsification, important part, company · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«falsification» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [falsification in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/falsification.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Falsification is changing facts, documents, evidence or results in a dishonest way so that they show something untrue.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsification:m1:1
# text = Falsification is changing facts, documents, evidence or results in a dishonest way so that they show something untrue.
1	Falsification	falsification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	changing	change	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	documents	document	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	evidence	evidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	dishonest	dishonest	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
15	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	18	mark	_	_
16	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	fixed	_	_
17	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
19	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	18	obj	_	_
20	untrue	untrue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present · progressive | Falsification | facts and documents and evidence or results |  | a dishonest way |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fact=Patient |
| 2 | **show** | present | facts *= fact* | something |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent something=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science, philosophy — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Falsification is showing that an idea or theory is false by testing it, which is an important part of how science works.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsification:m2:1
# text = Falsification is showing that an idea or theory is false by testing it, which is an important part of how science works.
1	Falsification	falsification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	showing	show	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	theory	theory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
11	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	testing	test	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	advcl	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
17	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	important	important	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
20	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
21	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	23	advmod	_	_
22	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
23	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present · progressive | Falsification |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | a idea or theory |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **test** | gerund | a idea or theory *not said here* | Falsification |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 4 | **is a** | present |  | a important part |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **work** | present | science |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The company was fined for falsification of its accounts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsification:x1:1
# text = The company was fined for falsification of its accounts.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	fined	fine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	falsification	falsification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	accounts	account	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fine** | past · passive |  | the company |  |  |  | for falsification of company's accounts | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **falsify** |  |  | company's accounts |  |  |  |  | nom falsification «cognition transitive»: of=patient |
| 3 | **account** |  | company |  |  |  |  |  | nom account «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Falsification of exam results is serious cheating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsification:x2:1
# text = Falsification of exam results is serious cheating.
1	Falsification	falsification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	exam	exam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	cheating	cheating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Falsification of exam results | serious cheating |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **falsify** |  |  | exam results |  |  |  |  | nom falsification «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The scientist lost her job for falsification of data.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsification:x3:1
# text = The scientist lost her job for falsification of data.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	falsification	falsification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	data	data	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | past | the scientist | scientist's job |  |  |  | for falsification of data | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Eventuality |
| 2 | **job** |  | scientist |  |  |  |  |  | nom job «act intransitive»: poss=agent |
| 3 | **falsify** |  |  | data |  |  |  |  | nom falsification «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old photos were edited in a falsification of history.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsification:x4:1
# text = Old photos were edited in a falsification of history.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	photos	photo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	edited	edit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	falsification	falsification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **edit** | past · passive |  | Old photos |  | a falsification of history |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **falsify** |  |  | history |  |  |  |  | nom falsification «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One black swan was enough for the falsification of «all swans are white».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsification:x5:1
# text = One black swan was enough for the falsification of «all swans are white».
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
2	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	falsification	falsification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	det	_	_
12	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
13	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | One black swan |  |  |  |  | for the falsification; enough *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | present | all swans |  |  |  |  | white *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The police found falsification of the passport.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsification:x6:1
# text = The police found falsification of the passport.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	police	police	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	falsification	falsification	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	passport	passport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | the police | falsification of the passport |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent falsification=Topic |
| 2 | **falsify** |  |  | the passport |  |  |  |  | nom falsification «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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