---
title: falsifying — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «falsifying» in the school dictionary: Changing something such as a document, record or result so that it is false and tricks people: falsifying the test scores. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# falsifying

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** result, Changing, Proving, his, Falsifying, company · **What happens:** change, be, trick, falsify, prove, catch · **To what, where:** something, people, test scores, He, homework marks, passport

<!-- .vabout -->
«falsifying» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [falsifying in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/falsifying.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Changing something such as a document, record or result so that it is false and tricks people: falsifying the test scores.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsifying:m1:1
# text = Changing something such as a document, record or result so that it is false and tricks people: falsifying the test scores.
1	Changing	change	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	20	csubj	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	6	case	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	document	document	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	record	record	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	result	result	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	15	mark	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	advcl	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	tricks	trick	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
18	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
20	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	scores	score	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  | such a document and record or result | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | present | result |  |  |  |  | false *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **trick** | present | result *not said here* | people |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |
| 4 | **falsify** | gerund | Changing | the test scores |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Proving that an idea or theory is wrong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsifying:m2:1
# text = Proving that an idea or theory is wrong.
1	Proving	prove	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	that	that	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	theory	theory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | that a idea or theory | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | Proving |  |  |  |  | wrong *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was caught falsifying his homework marks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsifying:x1:1
# text = He was caught falsifying his homework marks.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past · passive |  | He |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **falsify** | gerund |  | his homework marks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **mark** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom mark «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Falsifying a passport is a crime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsifying:x2:1
# text = Falsifying a passport is a crime.
1	Falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	passport	passport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **falsify** | gerund |  | a passport |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Falsifying | a crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The company was fined for falsifying its accounts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsifying:x3:1
# text = The company was fined for falsifying its accounts.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	fined	fine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	accounts	account	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fine** | past · passive |  | the company |  |  |  |  | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **falsify** | gerund |  | company's accounts |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **account** |  | company |  |  |  |  |  | nom account «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists test ideas by trying to falsify them.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsifying:x4:1
# text = Scientists test ideas by trying to falsify them.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	test	test	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	trying	try	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	falsify	falsify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | present | Scientists | ideas |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Theme |
| 2 | **try** | gerund | Scientists *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **falsify** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* | ideas *= idea* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One white swan doesn't prove all swans are white, but one black swan falsifies it.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsifying:x5:1
# text = One white swan doesn't prove all swans are white, but one black swan falsifies it.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	prove	prove	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
12	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
14	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	swan	swan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	falsifies	falsify	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **prove** | present · do-support | One white swan |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | all swans |  |  |  |  | white *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **falsify** | present | one black swan | it |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She admitted falsifying the report.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:falsifying:x6:1
# text = She admitted falsifying the report.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	admitted	admit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	falsifying	falsify	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	report	report	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **admit** *speech: other* | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn confess-37.10 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **falsify** | gerund | She *not said here* | the report |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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