---
title: firmament — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «firmament» in the school dictionary: The firmament is the sky, especially the sky full of stars and heavenly things. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# firmament

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**Who acts:** firmament, whole firmament, Stars, bird · **What happens:** be, fall, shine, fill, fly · **To what, where:** sky, falling star, dark firmament, firmament, hills

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«firmament» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 4 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [firmament in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/firmament.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

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Usage: old use — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The firmament is the sky, especially the sky full of stars and heavenly things.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:firmament:m1:1
# text = The firmament is the sky, especially the sky full of stars and heavenly things.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	heavenly	heavenly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the firmament | the sky and the sky |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A falling star shone in the dark firmament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:firmament:x1:1
# text = A falling star shone in the dark firmament.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	amod	_	_
3	star	star	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	shone	shine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **shine** | participle |  | a falling star *not said here* |  | the dark firmament |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in firmament=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The whole firmament was ablaze with northern lights.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:firmament:x2:1
# text = The whole firmament was ablaze with northern lights.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	ablaze	ablaze	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the whole firmament |  |  |  |  | with northern lights; ablaze *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stars filled the firmament above the hills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:firmament:x3:1
# text = Stars filled the firmament above the hills.
1	Stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	above	above	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | Stars | the firmament |  | the hills |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent firmament=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bird flew high into the firmament.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:firmament:x4:1
# text = The bird flew high into the firmament.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	flew	fly	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	high	high	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	firmament	firmament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | past | the bird |  |  |  |  | into the firmament *result*; high *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into firmament=Result |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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