---
title: fluency — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «fluency» in the school dictionary: Being able to speak, read or write a language easily, quickly and well. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# fluency

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** He, table practice, Fluency, teacher, Reading, Gangazara · **What happens:** be, speak, read, write, do, improve · **To what, where:** language, something, maths, reading fluency, maths fluency, fluency · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«fluency» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [fluency in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/fluency.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Being able to speak, read or write a language easily, quickly and well.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:m1:1
# text = Being able to speak, read or write a language easily, quickly and well.
1	Being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	cop	_	_
2	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | able *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **read** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **write** | infinitive |  | a language |  |  |  | easily, quickly *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Being able to do something smoothly and confidently, like reading aloud or doing maths facts.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:m2:1
# text = Being able to do something smoothly and confidently, like reading aloud or doing maths facts.
1	Being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	cop	_	_
2	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	_
6	smoothly	smoothly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	confidently	confidently	ADV	RB	_	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	reading	read	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
12	aloud	aloud	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
15	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | able *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **do** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | smoothly *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 3 | **read** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | aloud *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **do** | gerund |  | maths |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her reading fluency improved with practice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:x1:1
# text = Her reading fluency improved with practice.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	reading	reading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	fluency	fluency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	improved	improve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **improve** | participle |  | Her reading fluency *not said here* |  |  |  | with practice | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with practice=Instrument |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He speaks with fluency in English and Ukrainian.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:x2:1
# text = He speaks with fluency in English and Ukrainian.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	fluency	fluency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | He |  |  |  |  | with fluency in English and Ukrainian | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with fluency=Co-Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Times-table practice builds maths fluency.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:x3:1
# text = Times-table practice builds maths fluency.
1	Times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	table	table	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	practice	practice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	builds	build	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	compound	_	_
7	fluency	fluency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | present | table practice | maths fluency |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset fluency=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fluency in a new language takes years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:x4:1
# text = Fluency in a new language takes years.
1	Fluency	fluency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
6	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | present | Fluency in a new language |  |  |  | year |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher listened to each child read to check fluency.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:x5:1
# text = The teacher listened to each child read to check fluency.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	listened	listen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	check	check	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	fluency	fluency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **listen** | past | the teacher |  |  |  |  | to each child | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to child=Theme |
| 2 | **read** | infinitive | the teacher *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **check** | to-infinitive | the teacher *not said here* | fluency |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fluency=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Reading aloud every night helps fluency.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:x6:1
# text = Reading aloud every night helps fluency.
1	Reading	read	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	aloud	aloud	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
4	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	fluency	fluency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | gerund |  |  |  |  | night | aloud *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **help** | present | Reading | fluency |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fluency=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gangazara thought several times of the eloquent way in which the tiger spoke, and admired his fluency of speech.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fluency:x7:1
# text = Gangazara thought several times of the eloquent way in which the tiger spoke, and admired his fluency of speech.
1	Gangazara	Gangazara	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	eloquent	eloquent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	tiger	tiger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
13	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	admired	admire	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	fluency	fluency	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **think** *speech: other* | past | Gangazara |  |  |  | time |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the tiger |  |  | the eloquent way |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **admire** | past | Gangazara *not said here* | tiger's fluency of speech |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer fluency=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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