---
title: forgery — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «forgery» in the school dictionary: A forgery is a copy of something such as a painting, a banknote, a document or a signature, made to trick people into thinking it is real. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# forgery

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** forgery, crime, museum, painting, Forging, Banknotes · **What happens:** be, make, trick, think, find out, forge · **To what, where:** copy, people, crime, such false copies, forgery, signature · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«forgery» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [forgery in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/forgery.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A forgery is a copy of something such as a painting, a banknote, a document or a signature, made to trick people into thinking it is real.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forgery:m1:1
# text = A forgery is a copy of something such as a painting, a banknote, a document or a signature, made to trick people into thinking it is real.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	forgery	forgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	copy	copy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	banknote	banknote	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	document	document	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	signature	signature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	trick	trick	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	xcomp	_	_
25	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obj	_	_
26	into	into	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
27	thinking	think	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	24	advcl	_	_
28	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
29	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	cop	_	_
30	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a forgery | a copy |  |  |  | of something | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle | a forgery *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **trick** | to-infinitive | a forgery *not said here* | people |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |
| 4 | **think** *speech: other* | gerund | a forgery *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **is** | present | forgery |  |  |  |  | real *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forgery is the crime of making such false copies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forgery:m2:1
# text = Forgery is the crime of making such false copies.
1	Forgery	forgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	copies	copy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Forgery | the crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | gerund | the crime *not said here* | such false copies |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum found out that the painting was a forgery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forgery:x1:1
# text = The museum found out that the painting was a forgery.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	forgery	forgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find out** | past | the museum |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | the painting | a forgery |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forging a signature is forgery, which is a crime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forgery:x2:1
# text = Forging a signature is forgery, which is a crime.
1	Forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	signature	signature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	forgery	forgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | gerund |  | a signature |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent signature=Product |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Forging | forgery |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **is a** | present | forgery | a crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Banknotes have special marks to stop forgery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forgery:x3:1
# text = Banknotes have special marks to stop forgery.
1	Banknotes	banknote	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	special	special	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
7	forgery	forgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Banknotes | special marks |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mark=Patient |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | Banknotes *not said here* | forgery |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality forgery=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was sent to prison for forgery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forgery:x4:1
# text = He was sent to prison for forgery.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	prison	prison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	forgery	forgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past · passive |  | He |  | prison |  | for forgery | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to prison=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The detective spotted the forgery because the ink was too new.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forgery:x5:1
# text = The detective spotted the forgery because the ink was too new.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	detective	detective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spotted	spot	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	forgery	forgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	too	too	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spot** | past | the detective | the forgery |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme forgery=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | past | the ink |  |  |  |  | new *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Signing your mum's name on a school note is forgery, even if it seems small.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forgery:x6:1
# text = Signing your mum's name on a school note is forgery, even if it seems small.
1	Signing	sign	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	csubj	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	forgery	forgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	even	even	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
14	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	seems	seem	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	_
17	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sign** | gerund |  | your mum's name |  | a school note |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme on note=Destination |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Signing | forgery |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **seem** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | it | forgery *not said here* |  |  |  | small *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme forgery=Attribute |
| 4 | **name** |  | your mum |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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