---
title: forging — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «forging» in the school dictionary: Forging means shaping hot metal by heating it in a fire and hammering it: a blacksmith forging a horseshoe. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# forging

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** blacksmith, Forging, mum, two schools, team · **What happens:** forge, mean, shape, heat, hammer, make · **To what, where:** hot metal, metal, horseshoe, copy, people, something · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«forging» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [forging in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/forging.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forging means shaping hot metal by heating it in a fire and hammering it: a blacksmith forging a horseshoe.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:m1:1
# text = Forging means shaping hot metal by heating it in a fire and hammering it: a blacksmith forging a horseshoe.
1	Forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shaping	shape	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	heating	heat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	advcl	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	hammering	hammer	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	conj	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	blacksmith	blacksmith	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
18	forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	acl	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	horseshoe	horseshoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **shape** *not said to happen* | gerund |  | hot metal |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset metal=Product |
| 4 | **heat** | gerund |  | metal |  |  |  | in a fire | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent it=Patient in fire=Instrument |
| 5 | **hammer** | gerund |  | metal |  |  |  |  | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 6 | **forge** | gerund | a blacksmith *not said here* | a horseshoe |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horseshoe=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forging means making a copy of something, like a signature, banknote or document, to trick people — a crime.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:m2:1
# text = Forging means making a copy of something, like a signature, banknote or document, to trick people — a crime.
1	Forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	copy	copy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	signature	signature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	banknote	banknote	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	document	document	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	trick	trick	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
19	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	_
20	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **make** *not said to happen* | gerund |  | a copy of something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product |
| 4 | **trick** | to-infinitive |  | people |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |
| 5 | **copy** |  |  | something |  |  |  |  | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forging a friendship or link means building it with effort.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:m3:1
# text = Forging a friendship or link means building it with effort.
1	Forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	friendship	friendship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	link	link	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	building	build	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	xcomp	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | gerund |  | a friendship or link |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent friendship=Product |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Forging |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **build** *not said to happen* | gerund | Forging *not said here* | link |  |  |  | with effort | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent it=Theme with effort=Source |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forging ahead means moving forward strongly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:m4:1
# text = Forging ahead means moving forward strongly.
1	Forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	ahead	ahead	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	strongly	strongly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | ahead *property* | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Forging |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **move forward** *not said to happen* | gerund | Forging *not said here* |  |  |  |  | forward, strongly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The blacksmith is forging a horseshoe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:x1:1
# text = The blacksmith is forging a horseshoe.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	blacksmith	blacksmith	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	forging	forge	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	horseshoe	horseshoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | present · progressive | the blacksmith | a horseshoe |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horseshoe=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forging iron needs a very hot fire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:x2:1
# text = Forging iron needs a very hot fire.
1	Forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | gerund |  | iron |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent iron=Product |
| 2 | **need** | present | Forging | a hot fire |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot fire=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forging your mum's signature on a note is cheating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:x3:1
# text = Forging your mum's signature on a note is cheating.
1	Forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	csubj	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	's	PART	POS	_	3	case	_	_
5	signature	signature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	note	note	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	cheating	cheat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | gerund |  | your mum's signature |  | a note |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent signature=Theme on note=Destination |
| 2 | **cheat** | present · progressive | Forging |  |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **sign** |  | your mum |  |  |  |  |  | nom signature «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forging money is a serious crime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:x4:1
# text = Forging money is a serious crime.
1	Forging	forge	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	crime	crime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | gerund |  | money |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Product |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Forging | a serious crime |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two schools are forging a friendship through letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:x5:1
# text = The two schools are forging a friendship through letters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	schools	school	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	forging	forge	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	friendship	friendship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	through	through	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | present · progressive | the two schools | a friendship |  | letters |  |  | vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent friendship=Theme through letter=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The team is forging ahead with its project.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:forging:x6:1
# text = The team is forging ahead with its project.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	forging	forge	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	ahead	ahead	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	project	project	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forge** | present · progressive | the team |  |  |  |  | with team's project; ahead *property* | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **project** |  | team |  |  |  |  |  | nom project «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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