---
title: fortify — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «fortify» in the school dictionary: To fortify a place is to make it stronger against attack by building walls, towers or ditches. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# fortify

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Normans, She, soldiers, Fortified foods, people · **What happens:** fortify, be, help, get · **To what, where:** place, yourself, food, cereal, town, castle · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«fortify» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [fortify in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/fortify.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To fortify a place is to make it stronger against attack by building walls, towers or ditches.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:m1:1
# text = To fortify a place is to make it stronger against attack by building walls, towers or ditches.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	fortify	fortify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	xcomp	_	_
10	against	against	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	attack	attack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	building	building	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	towers	tower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	ditches	ditch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | to-infinitive |  | a place |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme place=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | against attack; by building walls and towers or ditches; make, strong *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To fortify yourself is to make yourself stronger or braver, for example with food, a drink or encouragement.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:m2:1
# text = To fortify yourself is to make yourself stronger or braver, for example with food, a drink or encouragement.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	fortify	fortify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	yourself	yourself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	yourself	yourself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	6	obj	_	_
8	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	braver	brave	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	drink	drink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	encouragement	encouragement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | to-infinitive |  | yourself |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme yourself=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | for example with food and a drink or encouragement; make, strong *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To fortify food is to add extra vitamins or minerals to it: «fortified cereal».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:m3:1
# text = To fortify food is to add extra vitamins or minerals to it: «fortified cereal».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	fortify	fortify	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	add	add	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	vitamins	vitamin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	minerals	mineral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
16	cereal	cereal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | to-infinitive |  | food |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme food=Recipient |
| 2 | **be** *speech: assert* | present |  |  | food |  |  | add *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **fortify** *in a quote* | participle |  | cereal |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme cereal=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Normans fortified the town with stone walls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:x1:1
# text = The Normans fortified the town with stone walls.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Normans	Norman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | past | the Normans | the town |  |  |  | with stone walls | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP»: agent=Agent town=Recipient with wall=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The castle was fortified with a moat and drawbridge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:x2:1
# text = The castle was fortified with a moat and drawbridge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	moat	moat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	drawbridge	drawbridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | past · passive |  | the castle |  |  |  | with a moat and drawbridge | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP»: subject=Recipient with moat=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This cereal is fortified with iron and vitamins.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:x3:1
# text = This cereal is fortified with iron and vitamins.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	cereal	cereal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	vitamins	vitamin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | present · passive |  | this cereal |  |  |  | with iron and vitamins | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP»: subject=Recipient with iron=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She fortified herself with a big breakfast before the race.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:x4:1
# text = She fortified herself with a big breakfast before the race.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	breakfast	breakfast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	before	before	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | past | She | herself *= she* |  |  | before the race | with a big breakfast | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP»: agent=Agent herself=Recipient with breakfast=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The soldiers fortified the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:x5:1
# text = The soldiers fortified the hill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | past | the soldiers | the hill |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme hill=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fortified foods help people get enough vitamin D.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fortify:x6:1
# text = Fortified foods help people get enough vitamin D.
1	Fortified	fortify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	foods	food	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	enough	enough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	vitamin	vitamin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	D.	D.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **help** | present | Fortified foods | people |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent people=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 3 | **get** | infinitive | people *not said here* | enough vitamin |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: agent=Agent vitamin=Beneficiary d.=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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