---
title: fossilised — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «fossilised» in the school dictionary: Turned into a fossil: the remains or print of a plant or animal that has slowly turned to stone over millions of years. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# fossilised

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** We, museum, Fossilised footprints, animals, Amber, uncle · **What happens:** turn, print, change, stick, find, fossilis · **To what, where:** fossil, plant, millions, ideas, past, fossilised shell · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«fossilised» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [fossilised in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/fossilised.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turned into a fossil: the remains or print of a plant or animal that has slowly turned to stone over millions of years.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fossilised:m1:1
# text = Turned into a fossil: the remains or print of a plant or animal that has slowly turned to stone over millions of years.
1	Turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	into	into	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	remains	remains	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	appos	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	print	print	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl:relcl	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
21	over	over	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | participle |  |  |  | a fossil |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into fossil=Trajectory |
| 2 | **turn** | present · perfect · passive |  | a plant or animal |  | millions of years |  | to stone; slowly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.agent V NP.theme PP.source PP.trajectory PP.destination»: subject=Theme to stone=Source over million=Trajectory |
| 3 | **print** |  |  | a plant or animal |  |  |  |  | nom print «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: figurative — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old-fashioned and unable to change, like ideas or rules stuck in the past.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fossilised:m2:1
# text = Old-fashioned and unable to change, like ideas or rules stuck in the past.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	unable	unable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	change	change	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
13	stuck	stick	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | to-infinitive |  | ideas or rules |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent idea=Patient |
| 2 | **stick** | participle |  | ideas or rules *not said here* |  | the past |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme in past=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We found a fossilised shell on the beach at Lyme Regis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fossilised:x1:1
# text = We found a fossilised shell on the beach at Lyme Regis.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	fossilised	fossilis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	shell	shell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Lyme	Lyme	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	Regis	Regis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | We | a fossilised shell |  | the beach at Lyme |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shell=Topic |
| 2 | **fossilis** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum shows a fossilised dinosaur egg.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fossilised:x2:1
# text = The museum shows a fossilised dinosaur egg.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	fossilised	fossilis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
6	dinosaur	dinosaur	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	egg	egg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the museum | a fossilised dinosaur egg |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent egg=Recipient |
| 2 | **fossilis** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fossilised footprints prove that the animals walked here.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fossilised:x3:1
# text = Fossilised footprints prove that the animals walked here.
1	Fossilised	fossilis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	footprints	footprint	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	prove	prove	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
8	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fossilis** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **prove** | present | Fossilised footprints |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **walk** | past | the animals |  |  | here |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Amber can hold a fossilised insect inside it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fossilised:x4:1
# text = Amber can hold a fossilised insect inside it.
1	Amber	amber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	hold	hold	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	fossilised	fossilis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	insect	insect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | can | Amber | a fossilised insect |  |  |  | inside insect | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent insect=Theme inside it=Location |
| 2 | **fossilis** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Over millions of years, the tree trunk fossilised into stone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fossilised:x5:1
# text = Over millions of years, the tree trunk fossilised into stone.
1	Over	over	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	trunk	trunk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	fossilised	fossilis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fossilis** | participle · passive |  | the tree trunk |  | millions of years |  | into stone | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My uncle says the school rules are fossilised and need updating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fossilised:x6:1
# text = My uncle says the school rules are fossilised and need updating.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	fossilised	fossilis	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
11	updating	update	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | My uncle |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **fossilis** | present · passive |  | the school rules |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **need** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 4 | **update** *speech: other* *not said to happen* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn tell-37.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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