---
title: frictional — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «frictional» in the school dictionary: Caused by or to do with friction, the force that slows things when surfaces rub together. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# frictional

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** force, surfaces, Frictional force, Rubbing, Brakes, ice · **What happens:** cause, do, slow, rub, make, use · **To what, where:** things, toy car, carpet, hands, frictional heat, frictional forces

<!-- .vabout -->
«frictional» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [frictional in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/frictional.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Caused by or to do with friction, the force that slows things when surfaces rub together.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frictional:m1:1
# text = Caused by or to do with friction, the force that slows things when surfaces rub together.
1	Caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	1	obl	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	conj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	friction	friction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	slows	slow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
14	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	16	mark	_	_
15	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
16	rub	rub	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
17	together	together	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with friction | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **slow** | present | the force | things |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent thing=Patient |
| 4 | **rub** | present | surfaces |  |  |  |  | together *property* | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Frictional force slows the toy car on the carpet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frictional:x1:1
# text = Frictional force slows the toy car on the carpet.
1	Frictional	frictional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	slows	slow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	toy	toy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	carpet	carpet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slow** | present | Frictional force | the toy car |  | the carpet |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent car=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rubbing your hands makes frictional heat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frictional:x2:1
# text = Rubbing your hands makes frictional heat.
1	Rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	frictional	frictional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | gerund |  | your hands |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent hand=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present | Rubbing | frictional heat |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset heat=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Brakes use frictional forces to stop a bike.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frictional:x3:1
# text = Brakes use frictional forces to stop a bike.
1	Brakes	brake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	frictional	frictional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Brakes | frictional forces |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent force=Patient |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | Brakes *not said here* | a bike |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality bike=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ice has less frictional force than the road.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frictional:x4:1
# text = The ice has less frictional force than the road.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
5	frictional	frictional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the ice | less frictional force |  |  |  | than the road | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent force=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draw an arrow for the frictional force.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frictional:x5:1
# text = Draw an arrow for the frictional force.
1	Draw	draw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	arrow	arrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	frictional	frictional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | imperative | you *not said here* | a arrow |  |  |  | for the frictional force | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent arrow=Result for force=Beneficiary |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Frictional forces wear down shoe soles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frictional:x6:1
# text = Frictional forces wear down shoe soles.
1	Frictional	frictional	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wear	wear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	shoe	shoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	soles	sole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear down** | present | Frictional forces | shoe soles |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent sole=Source |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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