---
title: frontier — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «frontier» in the school dictionary: A frontier is a border between two countries, or the land near it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# frontier

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** frontier, land, Soldiers, Pioneers, frontier town, Space exploration · **What happens:** be, settle, belong, know, guard, move · **To what, where:** border, edge, land, frontier, one dusty street, new frontier

<!-- .vabout -->
«frontier» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [frontier in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/frontier.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A frontier is a border between two countries, or the land near it.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:m1:1
# text = A frontier is a border between two countries, or the land near it.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	border	border	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	between	between	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
13	near	near	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a frontier | a border or the land near land |  |  |  | between two countries | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: history, US/Canada/Australia — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The frontier was the edge of land settled by newcomers, beyond which the land was wild or belonged to Indigenous peoples.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:m2:1
# text = The frontier was the edge of land settled by newcomers, beyond which the land was wild or belonged to Indigenous peoples.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	settled	settle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	newcomers	newcomer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	beyond	beyond	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	17	obl	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
16	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	wild	wild	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	parataxis	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	belonged	belong	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	conj	_	_
20	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	peoples	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the frontier | the edge |  |  |  | of land | tree rules |
| 2 | **settle** | participle |  | land *not said here* |  |  |  | by newcomers | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | past | the land |  |  |  |  | beyond the edge; wild *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **belong** | participle | the land *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to Indigenous peoples | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A frontier is the edge of what is known, as in «the frontiers of science», or «space, the final frontier».

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:m3:1
# text = A frontier is the edge of what is known, as in «the frontiers of science», or «space, the final frontier».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nmod	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	known	know	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	frontiers	frontier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	appos	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	final	final	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a frontier | the edge |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **know** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V» |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Soldiers guarded the frontier between the two countries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:x1:1
# text = Soldiers guarded the frontier between the two countries.
1	Soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	guarded	guard	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	between	between	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **guard** | past | Soldiers | the frontier |  |  |  | between the two countries | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent frontier=Beneficiary |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pioneers moved west towards the frontier.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:x2:1
# text = Pioneers moved west towards the frontier.
1	Pioneers	pioneer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	moved	move	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	west	west	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | past | Pioneers |  |  | the frontier |  | west *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme towards frontier=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The frontier town had one dusty street.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:x3:1
# text = The frontier town had one dusty street.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
6	dusty	dusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	street	street	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the frontier town | one dusty street |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent street=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Space exploration is the new frontier.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:x4:1
# text = Space exploration is the new frontier.
1	Space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	exploration	exploration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Space exploration | the new frontier |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists are pushing back the frontiers of medicine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:x5:1
# text = Scientists are pushing back the frontiers of medicine.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	pushing	push	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	back	back	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	frontiers	frontier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **push back** | present · progressive | Scientists | the frontiers of medicine |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent frontier=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many Indigenous people lost their land as the frontier moved.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:x6:1
# text = Many Indigenous people lost their land as the frontier moved.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	Indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	moved	move	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | past | Many Indigenous people | people's land |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Eventuality |
| 2 | **move** | past | the frontier |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We crossed the frontier by train.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:x7:1
# text = We crossed the frontier by train.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | past | We | the frontier |  |  |  | by train | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent frontier=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Dragon was now so near that in a couple of springs he would be over the frontier.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frontier:x8:1
# text = The Dragon was now so near that in a couple of springs he would be over the frontier.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Dragon	Dragon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
5	so	so	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	near	near	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	couple	couple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	springs	spring	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
13	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
14	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
15	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	cop	_	_
16	over	over	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	frontier	frontier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | would | Dragon |  |  | the frontier |  | in a couple of springs | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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