---
title: frost — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «frost» in the school dictionary: Thin white ice crystals that form on grass, cars and windows when the air is below freezing, especially on cold clear nights. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# frost

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Thin white ice crystals, air, frost, Dad, you, path · **What happens:** form, be, freeze, cover, become, put · **To what, where:** grass, freezing, water, icing, cake, frost

<!-- .vabout -->
«frost» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [frost in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/frost.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thin white ice crystals that form on grass, cars and windows when the air is below freezing, especially on cold clear nights.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:m1:1
# text = Thin white ice crystals that form on grass, cars and windows when the air is below freezing, especially on cold clear nights.
1	Thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	crystals	crystal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	form	form	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	windows	window	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
13	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
17	below	below	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	freezing	freezing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
20	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	24	advmod	_	_
21	on	on	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
23	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	nights	night	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | Thin white ice crystals |  |  | grass and cars and windows |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on grass=Location |
| 2 | **is** | present | the air |  |  | freezing | night |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Weather cold enough to freeze water (a hard frost).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:m2:1
# text = Weather cold enough to freeze water (a hard frost).
1	Weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	freeze	freeze	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | to-infinitive |  | water |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient water=Result |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To cover with frost or become covered with it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:m3:1
# text = To cover with frost or become covered with it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	cover	cover	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	become	become	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	xcomp	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with frost | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with frost=Theme |
| 2 | **become** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cover** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with frost | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with it=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: US — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To put icing on a cake (frosting = icing).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:m4:1
# text = To put icing on a cake (frosting = icing).
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	icing	icing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	frosting	frosting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
9	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	10	punct	_	_
10	icing	icing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | to-infinitive |  | icing |  | a cake |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent icing=Theme on cake=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was frost on the grass this morning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:x1:1
# text = There was frost on the grass this morning.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | frost |  |  | the grass; there | morning |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on grass=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad scraped the frost off the car window.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:x2:1
# text = Dad scraped the frost off the car window.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	scraped	scrape	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	off	off	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **scrape** | past | Dad | the frost |  | the car window |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent frost=Theme off window=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Frost makes beautiful patterns on the glass.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:x3:1
# text = Frost makes beautiful patterns on the glass.
1	Frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	patterns	pattern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Frost | beautiful patterns |  | the glass |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset pattern=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Be careful — the path is slippery with frost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:x4:1
# text = Be careful — the path is slippery with frost.
1	Be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	cop	_	_
2	careful	careful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	slippery	slippery	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | careful *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | the path |  |  |  |  | with frost; slippery *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The first frost killed the tomato plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:x5:1
# text = The first frost killed the tomato plants.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	3	amod	_	_
3	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	tomato	tomato	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past | the first frost | the tomato plants |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Frost forms on clear, cold nights.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:x6:1
# text = Frost forms on clear, cold nights.
1	Frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	nights	night	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We frosted the cupcakes with pink icing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:x7:1
# text = We frosted the cupcakes with pink icing.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	frosted	frost	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	cupcakes	cupcake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	pink	pink	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	icing	icing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **frost** | past | We | the cupcakes |  |  |  | with pink icing | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent cupcake=Destination with icing=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It certainly was a dreadfully hard frost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frost:x8:1
# text = It certainly was a dreadfully hard frost.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
2	certainly	certainly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	dreadfully	dreadfully	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | It | a hard frost |  |  |  | certainly *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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