---
title: frostbitten — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «frostbitten» in the school dictionary: Frostbitten means injured by extreme cold, so that skin and the flesh under it freeze, especially on fingers, toes, ears and nose. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# frostbitten

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** skin, frost, you, Frostbitten skin, explorers · **What happens:** frostbite, mean, injure, freeze, damage, wear · **To what, where:** fingers, Frostbitten plants, toes, gloves, frostbitten tomato plants, frostbitten skin · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«frostbitten» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [frostbitten in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/frostbitten.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Frostbitten means injured by extreme cold, so that skin and the flesh under it freeze, especially on fingers, toes, ears and nose.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frostbitten:m1:1
# text = Frostbitten means injured by extreme cold, so that skin and the flesh under it freeze, especially on fingers, toes, ears and nose.
1	Frostbitten	frostbite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	injured	injure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	extreme	extreme	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
8	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
9	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	flesh	flesh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
14	under	under	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nmod	_	_
16	freeze	freeze	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
19	on	on	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	fingers	finger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	toes	toe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	ears	ear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	nose	nose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **frostbite** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **injure** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by extreme cold | tree rules |
| 4 | **freeze** | infinitive | skin and the flesh under flesh | fingers and toes and ears and nose |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient finger=Result |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Frostbitten plants have been damaged by frost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frostbitten:m2:1
# text = Frostbitten plants have been damaged by frost.
1	Frostbitten	frostbite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	damaged	damage	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **frostbite** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **damage** | present · perfect · passive | frost | Frostbitten plants |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The climber's toes were frostbitten.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frostbitten:x1:1
# text = The climber's toes were frostbitten.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	climber	climber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	toes	toe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	frostbitten	frostbite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **frostbite** | past · passive |  | the climber's toes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wear gloves or your fingers might get frostbitten.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frostbitten:x2:1
# text = Wear gloves or your fingers might get frostbitten.
1	Wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	gloves	glove	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	fingers	finger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	get	get	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	frostbitten	frostbite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | gloves |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent glove=Theme |
| 2 | **frostbite** | might · passive |  | your fingers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Frostbitten skin turns white and numb.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frostbitten:x3:1
# text = Frostbitten skin turns white and numb.
1	Frostbitten	frostbitten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turns	turn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	numb	numb	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | present | Frostbitten skin |  |  |  |  | white *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The explorers came back tired and frostbitten.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frostbitten:x4:1
# text = The explorers came back tired and frostbitten.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	back	back	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	tired	tired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	frostbitten	frostbite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come back** | past | the explorers |  |  |  |  | tired *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **frostbite** | participle | the explorers *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The frost killed the frostbitten tomato plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frostbitten:x5:1
# text = The frost killed the frostbitten tomato plants.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	frostbitten	frostbite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
6	tomato	tomato	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past | the frost | the frostbitten tomato plants |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Theme |
| 2 | **frostbite** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Do not rub frostbitten skin; warm it gently.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frostbitten:x6:1
# text = Do not rub frostbitten skin; warm it gently.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
2	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	rub	rub	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	frostbitten	frostbite	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	warm	warm	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	gently	gently	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **rub** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | frostbitten skin |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent skin=Theme |
| 2 | **frostbite** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **warm** | infinitive | you *not said here* | skin |  |  |  | gently *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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