---
title: frugal — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «frugal» in the school dictionary: Frugal means spending little and making do with simple things; a frugal meal is small and plain. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# frugal

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Frugal, frugal meal, Grandma, They, He · **What happens:** mean, spend, make, be, not waste, eat · **To what, where:** little, food, frugal supper, frugal life, small cottage

<!-- .vabout -->
«frugal» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [frugal in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/frugal.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Frugal means spending little and making do with simple things; a frugal meal is small and plain.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frugal:m1:1
# text = Frugal means spending little and making do with simple things; a frugal meal is small and plain.
1	Frugal	frugal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	spending	spend	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	making	make	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	conj	_	_
7	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	xcomp	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	frugal	frugal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	meal	meal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Frugal |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **spend** *not said to happen* | gerund | Frugal *not said here* | little |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent little=Asset |
| 3 | **make** | gerund | Frugal *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with simple things | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 4 | **is** | present | a frugal meal |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **be** |  | a frugal meal *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma is frugal and never wastes food.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frugal:x1:1
# text = Grandma is frugal and never wastes food.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	frugal	frugal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	wastes	waste	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Grandma |  |  |  |  | frugal *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **waste** | present | Grandma *not said here* | food |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They ate a frugal supper of bread and cheese.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frugal:x2:1
# text = They ate a frugal supper of bread and cheese.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	frugal	frugal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	supper	supper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	cheese	cheese	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | They | a frugal supper of bread and cheese |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent supper=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He lived a frugal life in a small cottage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:frugal:x3:1
# text = He lived a frugal life in a small cottage.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	frugal	frugal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	cottage	cottage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | He | a frugal life |  | a small cottage |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme life=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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