---
title: fugu — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «fugu» in the school dictionary: A pufferfish, or a Japanese dish made from it. The fish contains a deadly poison, so only specially trained and licensed chefs may prepare it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# fugu

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** fish, licensed chefs, Fugu, Parts, pufferfish, fugu restaurant · **What happens:** make, contain, train, license, prepare, be · **To what, where:** Japanese dish, dish, deadly poison, poison, pufferfish, Japan

<!-- .vabout -->
«fugu» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [fugu in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/fugu.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Japanese — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pufferfish, or a Japanese dish made from it. The fish contains a deadly poison, so only specially trained and licensed chefs may prepare it.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A pufferfish, or a Japanese dish made from it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fugu:m1:1
# text = A pufferfish, or a Japanese dish made from it.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pufferfish	pufferfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Japanese	Japanese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	dish	dish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | a Japanese dish *not said here* |  | dish |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from it=Material |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* The fish contains a deadly poison, so only specially trained and licensed chefs may prepare it.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fugu:m1:2
# text = The fish contains a deadly poison, so only specially trained and licensed chefs may prepare it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	contains	contain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	deadly	deadly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
9	only	only	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	specially	specially	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	trained	train	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
13	licensed	license	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	chefs	chef	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
15	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	prepare	prepare	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | present | the fish | a deadly poison |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot poison=Theme |
| 2 | **train** | participle | the fish *not said here* |  |  |  |  | specially *property* | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **license** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **prepare** | may | licensed chefs | poison |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fugu is a pufferfish eaten in Japan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fugu:x1:1
# text = Fugu is a pufferfish eaten in Japan.
1	Fugu	fugu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	pufferfish	pufferfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Japan	Japan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Fugu | a pufferfish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **eat** | participle |  | a pufferfish *not said here* |  | Japan |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only licensed chefs are allowed to prepare fugu.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fugu:x2:1
# text = Only licensed chefs are allowed to prepare fugu.
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
2	licensed	license	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	chefs	chef	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	prepare	prepare	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	fugu	fugu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **license** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **allow** | present · passive |  | licensed chefs |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **prepare** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | licensed chefs *not said here* | fugu |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fugu=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Parts of the fugu contain a deadly poison.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fugu:x3:1
# text = Parts of the fugu contain a deadly poison.
1	Parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	fugu	fugu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	contain	contain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	deadly	deadly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	poison	poison	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **contain** | infinitive | Parts of the fugu | a deadly poison |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot poison=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A pufferfish blows itself up like a ball when scared.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fugu:x4:1
# text = A pufferfish blows itself up like a ball when scared.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	pufferfish	pufferfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	blows	blow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	3	obj	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
10	scared	scared	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow up** | present | a pufferfish | pufferfish |  |  |  | like a ball | vn split-23.2 «NP V NP apart»: agent=Agent itself=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fugu restaurant had a special licence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fugu:x5:1
# text = The fugu restaurant had a special licence.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	fugu	fugu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	restaurant	restaurant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	special	special	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	licence	licence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the fugu restaurant | a special licence |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent licence=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Eating badly prepared fugu can be fatal.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fugu:x6:1
# text = Eating badly prepared fugu can be fatal.
1	Eating	eat	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	badly	badly	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	1	advmod	_	_
3	prepared	prepared	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	fugu	fugu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
7	fatal	fatal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | gerund |  | prepared fugu |  |  |  | badly *property* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fugu=Patient |
| 2 | **is** | can | Eating |  |  |  |  | fatal *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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