---
title: fume — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «fume» in the school dictionary: Fumes are smoke, gas or strong smells that are unpleasant or harmful to breathe, like car exhaust or paint fumes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# fume

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Fumes, strong smells, I, exhaust fumes, me, car · **What happens:** be, breathe, wait, fume, mean, make · **To what, where:** smoke, car exhaust, me, window, masks, model · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«fume» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [fume in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/fume.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fumes are smoke, gas or strong smells that are unpleasant or harmful to breathe, like car exhaust or paint fumes.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:m1:1
# text = Fumes are smoke, gas or strong smells that are unpleasant or harmful to breathe, like car exhaust or paint fumes.
1	Fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	smells	smell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	unpleasant	unpleasant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	acl:relcl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	exhaust	exhaust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Fumes | smoke and gas or strong smells |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | strong smells |  |  |  |  | unpleasant *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | strong smells *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **breathe** | to-infinitive | strong smells *not said here* | car exhaust or paint fumes |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent exhaust=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To fume is to be very angry, often quietly or while waiting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:m2:1
# text = To fume is to be very angry, often quietly or while waiting.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	fume	fume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	often	often	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	quietly	quietly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
13	waiting	wait	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | angry, quietly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **wait** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To fume is to give off smoke or gas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:m3:1
# text = To fume is to give off smoke or gas.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	fume	fume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	advcl	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	off	off	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | give *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, UK — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«I'm fuming» means I'm really angry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:m4:1
# text = «I'm fuming» means I'm really angry.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	fuming	fume	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	really	really	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fume** *in a quote* | present · progressive | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | present | I |  |  |  |  | angry *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The car's exhaust fumes made me cough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:x1:1
# text = The car's exhaust fumes made me cough.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	exhaust	exhaust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	cough	cough	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the car's exhaust fumes | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cough** | infinitive | me *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **fume** |  | the car |  |  |  |  |  | nom fume «phenomenon intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Open the window; the paint fumes are strong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:x2:1
# text = Open the window; the paint fumes are strong.
1	Open	open	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | imperative | you *not said here* | the window |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location window=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | the paint fumes |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The firefighters wore masks against the toxic fumes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:x3:1
# text = The firefighters wore masks against the toxic fumes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	masks	mask	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	toxic	toxic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the firefighters | masks |  |  |  | against the toxic fumes | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent mask=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad fumed when the train was late again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:x4:1
# text = Dad fumed when the train was late again.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	fumed	fume	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
8	again	again	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fume** | past | Dad |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | past | the train |  |  |  | again | late *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I was fuming when my brother broke my model!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:x5:1
# text = I was fuming when my brother broke my model!
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	fuming	fume	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
5	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fume** | past · progressive | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **break** | past | my brother | my model |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer model=Patient |
| 3 | **model** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom model «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The chemical began to fume when it touched the water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:x6:1
# text = The chemical began to fume when it touched the water.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	chemical	chemical	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	fume	fume	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	touched	touch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | the chemical |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **fume** | to-infinitive | the chemical *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **touch** | past | chemical | the water |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme water=Co-Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'm running on fumes after that long day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fume:x7:1
# text = I'm running on fumes after that long day.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
8	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present · progressive | I |  |  | fumes | day |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on fume=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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