---
title: fumes — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «fumes» in the school dictionary: Gas or smoke that smells strong and can be harmful to breathe, like from cars, paint or chemicals. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# fumes

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Gas, Exhaust fumes, you, paint fumes, bleach, firefighters · **What happens:** smell, be, breathe, make, open, not mix · **To what, where:** cars, air, window, bleach, dangerous fumes, masks · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«fumes» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [fumes in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/fumes.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gas or smoke that smells strong and can be harmful to breathe, like from cars, paint or chemicals.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:m1:1
# text = Gas or smoke that smells strong and can be harmful to breathe, like from cars, paint or chemicals.
1	Gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	smells	smell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
10	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	chemicals	chemical	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **smell** | present | Gas or smoke |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is** | can | Gas or smoke *not said here* |  |  |  |  | harmful *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **breathe** | to-infinitive | Gas or smoke *not said here* | cars and paint or chemicals |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent car=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb, fume — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To be very angry, often quietly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:m2:1
# text = To be very angry, often quietly.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
2	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	often	often	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	quietly	quietly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | angry, quietly *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exhaust fumes from the cars made the air smelly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x1:1
# text = Exhaust fumes from the cars made the air smelly.
1	Exhaust	exhaust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	smelly	smelly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Exhaust fumes from the cars | the air |  |  |  | smelly *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset air=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Open the window — the paint fumes are strong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x2:1
# text = Open the window — the paint fumes are strong.
1	Open	open	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | imperative | you *not said here* | the window |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location window=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | the paint fumes |  |  |  |  | strong *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never mix bleach with other cleaners; it makes dangerous fumes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x3:1
# text = Never mix bleach with other cleaners; it makes dangerous fumes.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	mix	mix	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bleach	bleach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cleaners	cleaner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
10	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **mix** | imperative | you *not said here* | bleach |  |  |  | with other cleaners | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent bleach=Patient with cleaner=Co-Patient |
| 2 | **make** | present | bleach | dangerous fumes |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material fume=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The firefighters wore masks against the smoke and fumes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x4:1
# text = The firefighters wore masks against the smoke and fumes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	masks	mask	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the firefighters | masks |  |  |  | against the smoke and fumes | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent mask=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was fuming when his little brother broke his model.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x5:1
# text = He was fuming when his little brother broke his model.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	fuming	fume	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
9	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	model	model	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fume** | past · progressive | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **break** | past | his little brother | brother's model |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer model=Patient |
| 3 | **model** |  | brother |  |  |  |  |  | nom model «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Walking on quiet streets means fewer traffic fumes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x6:1
# text = Walking on quiet streets means fewer traffic fumes.
1	Walking	walk	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	quiet	quiet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	streets	street	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	fewer	few	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	amod	_	_
7	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | gerund |  |  |  | quiet streets |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on street=Trajectory |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Walking | fewer traffic fumes |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fume=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Glue fumes can make you dizzy, so use it in an airy room.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x7:1
# text = Glue fumes can make you dizzy, so use it in an airy room.
1	Glue	glue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	dizzy	dizzy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	airy	airy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | can | Glue fumes | you |  |  |  | dizzy *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset you=Product |
| 2 | **use** | infinitive | Glue fumes *not said here* | it |  | a airy room |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She stood there fuming about the unfair penalty.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x8:1
# text = She stood there fuming about the unfair penalty.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	2	advmod	_	_
4	fuming	fume	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	unfair	unfair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	penalty	penalty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | She |  |  | there |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **fume** | gerund | She *not said here* |  |  |  |  | about the unfair penalty | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The tree that had been killed by the fumes of gas, the steam of kitchens, and the bad air of the city, was put upon the wagon and driven away.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:fumes:x9:1
# text = The tree that had been killed by the fumes of gas, the steam of kitchens, and the bad air of the city, was put upon the wagon and driven away.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl:relcl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	fumes	fume	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	kitchens	kitchen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
26	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
27	put	put	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
28	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	wagon	wagon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	driven	drive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	conj	_	_
33	away	away	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	27	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past · perfect · passive | the fumes of gas | the tree and the bad air of the city |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **put** | past · passive |  | the tree and the bad air of the city |  | the wagon |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: subject=Theme upon wagon=Destination |
| 3 | **drive away** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **fume** |  | gas |  |  |  |  |  | nom fume «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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