---
title: gall — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gall» in the school dictionary: Gall is rude, bold cheek: «He had the gall to ask for more after eating mine!». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gall

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Gall, He, insect, gall bladder, lot, She · **What happens:** be, have, ask, eat, make, lay · **To what, where:** gall, mine, lump, plant, eggs, Gall bile · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«gall» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gall in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gall.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gall is rude, bold cheek: «He had the gall to ask for more after eating mine!».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:m1:1
# text = Gall is rude, bold cheek: «He had the gall to ask for more after eating mine!».
1	Gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	bold	bold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cheek	cheek	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	ask	ask	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	14	obl	_	_
17	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
18	eating	eat	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	_
19	mine	my	PRON	PRP	Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Gall |  |  |  |  | rude *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** *in a quote* | past | He | the gall |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **ask** *speech: ask* *in a quote* | to-infinitive | the gall *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for more | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **eat** *in a quote* | gerund | the gall *not said here* | mine |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent my=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A gall is a lump on a plant, such as an oak apple, made when an insect lays eggs in it.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:m2:1
# text = A gall is a lump on a plant, such as an oak apple, made when an insect lays eggs in it.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lump	lump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	14	case	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	oak	oak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	apple	apple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
17	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	20	advmod	_	_
18	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	insect	insect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
20	lays	lay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	advcl	_	_
21	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a gall | a lump and a oak apple |  | a plant |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **lay** | present | a insect | eggs |  | gall |  |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent egg=Theme in it=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gall is bile, a bitter liquid from the liver; the gall bladder stores it.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:m3:1
# text = Gall is bile, a bitter liquid from the liver; the gall bladder stores it.
1	Gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	bile	bile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	bitter	bitter	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	liquid	liquid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	liver	liver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	bladder	bladder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	stores	store	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | Gall bile |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **store** | present | the gall bladder | liver |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To gall someone is to annoy them a lot because it feels unfair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:m4:1
# text = To gall someone is to annoy them a lot because it feels unfair.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	gall	gall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	annoy	annoy	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	_
10	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	feels	feel	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
13	unfair	unfair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gall** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | a lot *obl:unmarked*; annoy *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **feel** | present | lot |  |  |  |  | unfair *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She had the gall to push in front of me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:x1:1
# text = She had the gall to push in front of me.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	push	push	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | She | the gall |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gall=Patient |
| 2 | **push** | to-infinitive | She *not said here* |  |  | front of me |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent in front=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
What gall! He took my seat and asked for my pencil.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* What gall!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:x2:1
# text = What gall!
1	What	what	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	2	det	_	_
2	gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* He took my seat and asked for my pencil.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:x2:2
# text = He took my seat and asked for my pencil.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	seat	seat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | He | my seat |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent seat=Theme |
| 2 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for my pencil | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We found round galls on the oak leaves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:x3:1
# text = We found round galls on the oak leaves.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	round	round	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	galls	gall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	oak	oak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	leaves	leave	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **leave** | present | round galls on the oak |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old ink was made from oak galls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:x4:1
# text = Old ink was made from oak galls.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	ink	ink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	oak	oak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	galls	gall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past · passive |  | Old ink |  | oak galls |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from gall=Material |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The gall bladder is near the liver.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:x5:1
# text = The gall bladder is near the liver.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	gall	gall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	bladder	bladder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	near	near	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	liver	liver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the gall bladder |  |  | the liver |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It galls me that he got the prize for my idea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:x6:1
# text = It galls me that he got the prize for my idea.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	galls	gall	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	prize	prize	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gall** | present | It | me |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | past | he | the prize |  |  |  | for my idea | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent prize=Theme for idea=Source |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wasps cause galls to grow on plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gall:x7:1
# text = Wasps cause galls to grow on plants.
1	Wasps	wasp	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cause	cause	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	galls	gall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present | Wasps | galls |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | to-infinitive | galls *not said here* |  |  | plants |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on plant=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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