---
title: galvanise — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «galvanise» in the school dictionary: To galvanise people means to shock or excite them into acting quickly. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# galvanise

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** coat, posts, speech, captain, flood, We · **What happens:** galvanise, mean, shock, excite, act, coat · **To what, where:** people, iron, something, scientist, fence posts, team · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«galvanise» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [galvanise in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/galvanise.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To galvanise people means to shock or excite them into acting quickly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:m1:1
# text = To galvanise people means to shock or excite them into acting quickly.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	galvanise	galvanise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	shock	shock	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	excite	excite	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	acting	act	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
12	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **galvanise** | to-infinitive |  | people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **shock** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **excite** | infinitive |  | people |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus they=Experiencer |
| 5 | **act** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | quickly *property* | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To galvanise iron or steel means to coat it with zinc so that it does not rust.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:m2:1
# text = To galvanise iron or steel means to coat it with zinc so that it does not rust.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	galvanise	galvanise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	steel	steel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	zinc	zinc	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
15	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
16	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	17	advmod	_	_
17	rust	rust	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **galvanise** | to-infinitive |  | iron or steel |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **coat** |  | coat |  |  |  |  | with zinc | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **rust** | present · do-support | coat |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science, old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To galvanise once meant to give something an electric shock, from the scientist Luigi Galvani.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:m3:1
# text = To galvanise once meant to give something an electric shock, from the scientist Luigi Galvani.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	galvanise	galvanise	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	4	advmod	_	_
4	meant	mean	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	electric	electric	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	shock	shock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
15	Luigi	Luigi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	_
16	Galvani	Galvani	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **galvanise** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | once *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **give** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | something |  | the scientist |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent something=Recipient shock=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fence posts are made of galvanised steel so they will not rust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:x1:1
# text = The fence posts are made of galvanised steel so they will not rust.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	fence	fence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	posts	post	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	galvanised	galvanise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	steel	steel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
11	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	rust	rust	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | the fence posts |  |  |  | of galvanised steel | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **galvanise** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **rust** | future | posts *= post* |  |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Galvanising coats iron with a layer of zinc.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:x2:1
# text = Galvanising coats iron with a layer of zinc.
1	Galvanising	galvanise	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	nsubj	_	_
2	coats	coat	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	iron	iron	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	zinc	zinc	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **galvanise** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **coat** | present |  | iron |  |  |  | with a layer of zinc | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent iron=Destination with layer=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The captain's speech galvanised the team.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:x3:1
# text = The captain's speech galvanised the team.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	galvanised	galvanise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **galvanise** | past | the captain's speech | the team |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** |  | the captain |  |  |  |  |  | nom speech «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The flood galvanised the whole town into action.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:x4:1
# text = The flood galvanised the whole town into action.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	galvanised	galvanise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **galvanise** | past | the flood | the whole town |  | action |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We tested whether a galvanised nail rusts in salty water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:x5:1
# text = We tested whether a galvanised nail rusts in salty water.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tested	test	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	whether	whether	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	galvanised	galvanise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	rusts	rust	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	salty	salty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **galvanise** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **rust** | present | a galvanised nail |  |  | salty water |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The coach hoped to galvanise the players at half-time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:x6:1
# text = The coach hoped to galvanise the players at half-time.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	hoped	hope	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	galvanise	galvanise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	players	player	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hope** | past | the coach |  |  |  |  |  | vn long-32.2 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **galvanise** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the coach *not said here* | the players |  |  | time |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The farmer filled a galvanised bucket with water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:galvanise:x7:1
# text = The farmer filled a galvanised bucket with water.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	galvanised	galvanise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	bucket	bucket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | the farmer | a galvanised bucket |  |  |  | with water | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent bucket=Patient with water=Instrument |
| 2 | **galvanise** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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