---
title: gaul — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gaul» in the school dictionary: Gaul was the old name for a large area of western Europe in Roman times, mostly where France and Belgium are today. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gaul

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Gaul, Celtic peoples, Julius, Gauls, one village, Caesar · **What happens:** be, live, conquer, hold out, divide, write · **To what, where:** old name, France today, person, Gaul, Celtic people, Asterix stories

<!-- .vabout -->
«gaul» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gaul in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gaul.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gaul was the old name for a large area of western Europe in Roman times, mostly where France and Belgium are today.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:m1:1
# text = Gaul was the old name for a large area of western Europe in Roman times, mostly where France and Belgium are today.
1	Gaul	Gaul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
17	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
18	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	23	advmod	_	_
19	France	France	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	Belgium	Belgium	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
22	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
23	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Gaul | the old name |  |  | time | for a large area of western Europe | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | France today |  |  |  | mostly *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A Gaul was a person from Gaul, one of the Celtic peoples who lived there.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:m2:1
# text = A Gaul was a person from Gaul, one of the Celtic peoples who lived there.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Gaul	Gaul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Gaul	Gaul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	appos	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	Celtic	celtic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	peoples	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
14	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
16	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | a Gaul | a person |  | Gaul |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | past | the Celtic peoples |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Julius Caesar conquered Gaul.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:x1:1
# text = Julius Caesar conquered Gaul.
1	Julius	Julius	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Caesar	Caesar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	conquered	conquer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Gaul	Gaul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **conquer** | past | Julius | Gaul |  |  |  |  | vn subjugate-42.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gaul=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Gauls were Celtic people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:x2:1
# text = The Gauls were Celtic people.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Gauls	Gaul	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	Celtic	celtic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the Gauls | Celtic people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the Asterix stories, one village of Gauls holds out against Rome.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:x3:1
# text = In the Asterix stories, one village of Gauls holds out against Rome.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Asterix	Asterix	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Gauls	Gaul	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
10	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	against	against	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold out** | present | one village of Gauls |  |  | the Asterix stories |  | against Rome | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in story=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gaul was divided into three parts, Caesar wrote.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:x4:1
# text = Gaul was divided into three parts, Caesar wrote.
1	Gaul	Gaul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	divided	divide	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	Caesar	Caesar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **divide** | past · passive |  | Gaul |  | three parts |  |  | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **write** | past | Caesar |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
France was once part of Gaul.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:x5:1
# text = France was once part of Gaul.
1	France	France	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	4	advmod	_	_
4	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Gaul	Gaul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | France | part |  |  |  | of Gaul; once *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Gauls fought bravely against the Roman army.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:x6:1
# text = The Gauls fought bravely against the Roman army.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Gauls	Gaul	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fought	fight	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	bravely	bravely	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fight** | past | the Gauls |  |  |  |  | against the Roman army; bravely *property* | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We drew a map of Roman Gaul.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:x7:1
# text = We drew a map of Roman Gaul.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	map	map	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	Gaul	Gaul	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | We | a map of Roman Gaul |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent map=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A Gaulish warrior wore a helmet and a cloak.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gaul:x8:1
# text = A Gaulish warrior wore a helmet and a cloak.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Gaulish	gaulish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	warrior	warrior	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	helmet	helmet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cloak	cloak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | a Gaulish warrior | a helmet and a cloak |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent helmet=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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