---
title: gauntlet — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gauntlet» in the school dictionary: A thick glove with a long wide cuff covering the wrist, worn for work, riding or motoring. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gauntlet

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** long wide cuff, metal glove, Toad, knight, you, teacher · **What happens:** cover, wear, be, throw down, take up, accept · **To what, where:** wrist, thick glove, part, gauntlet, challenge, gauntlets · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«gauntlet» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gauntlet in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gauntlet.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A thick glove with a long wide cuff covering the wrist, worn for work, riding or motoring.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:m1:1
# text = A thick glove with a long wide cuff covering the wrist, worn for work, riding or motoring.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	glove	glove	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	wide	wide	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cuff	cuff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
9	covering	cover	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	wrist	wrist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	riding	riding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	motoring	motoring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | gerund | a long wide cuff *not said here* | the wrist |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme wrist=Destination |
| 2 | **wear** | participle |  | a thick glove with a long wide cuff *not said here* |  |  |  | for work and riding or motoring | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A metal glove that was part of a knight's armour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:m2:1
# text = A metal glove that was part of a knight's armour.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	glove	glove	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	knight	knight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	armour	armour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | a metal glove | part |  |  |  | of a knight's armour | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In phrases: «throw down the gauntlet» – challenge someone; «take up the gauntlet» – accept a challenge; «run the gauntlet» – face attacks or criticism from many people one after another.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:m3:1
# text = In phrases: «throw down the gauntlet» – challenge someone; «take up the gauntlet» – accept a challenge; «run the gauntlet» – face attacks or criticism from many people one after another.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	phrases	phrase	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	throw	throw	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	appos	_	_
6	down	down	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	gauntlet	gauntlet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	–	-	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
11	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
16	up	up	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	gauntlet	gauntlet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
20	–	-	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
21	accept	accept	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	run	run	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	21	parataxis	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	gauntlet	gauntlet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	26	punct	_	_
30	–	-	PUNCT	:	_	32	punct	_	_
31	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	compound	_	_
32	attacks	attack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	parataxis	_	_
33	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
34	criticism	criticism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	_
35	from	from	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
37	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	nmod	_	_
38	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	37	flat	_	_
39	after	after	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
40	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	38	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw down** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | the gauntlet |  |  |  | someone *obl* | tree rules |
| 2 | **take up** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | the gauntlet |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gauntlet=Theme |
| 3 | **accept** | infinitive |  | a challenge |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP to be ADJ»: agent=Agent challenge=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 4 | **run** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | the gauntlet |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent gauntlet=Theme clause=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Toad pulled on his driving gauntlets and goggles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:x1:1
# text = Toad pulled on his driving gauntlets and goggles.
1	Toad	Toad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pulled	pull	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	driving	driving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	gauntlets	gauntlet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	goggles	goggle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | past | Toad |  |  |  |  | on Toad's driving gauntlets and goggles | vn push-12-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent on gauntlet=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The knight threw down his gauntlet as a challenge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:x2:1
# text = The knight threw down his gauntlet as a challenge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	knight	knight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	gauntlet	gauntlet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	challenge	challenge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw down** | past | the knight | knight's gauntlet |  |  |  | as a challenge | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gauntlet=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wear gauntlets when you cut thorny roses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:x3:1
# text = Wear gauntlets when you cut thorny roses.
1	Wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	gauntlets	gauntlet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	5	mark	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	cut	cut	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
6	thorny	thorny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	roses	rose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | gauntlets |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent gauntlet=Source |
| 2 | **cut** | present | you | thorny roses |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rose=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our teacher threw down the gauntlet: who could finish the puzzle first?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:x4:1
# text = Our teacher threw down the gauntlet: who could finish the puzzle first?
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	gauntlet	gauntlet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	finish	finish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	puzzle	puzzle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **throw down** | past | Our teacher | the gauntlet |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gauntlet=Theme |
| 2 | **finish** | could |  | the puzzle |  |  |  | first *property* | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector puzzle=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new pupil had to run the gauntlet of questions in the playground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:x5:1
# text = The new pupil had to run the gauntlet of questions in the playground.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	run	run	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	gauntlet	gauntlet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	playground	playground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the new pupil |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | to-infinitive | the new pupil *not said here* | the gauntlet of questions |  | the playground |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent gauntlet=Theme in playground=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The welder wore thick leather gauntlets.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:x6:1
# text = The welder wore thick leather gauntlets.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	welder	welder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	leather	leather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	gauntlets	gauntlet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the welder | thick leather gauntlets |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent gauntlet=Source |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sweat ran down his face, but he dried it with his gauntlet.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gauntlet:x7:1
# text = The sweat ran down his face, but he dried it with his gauntlet.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sweat	sweat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	down	down	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	dried	dry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	gauntlet	gauntlet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run down** | past | the sweat | sweat's face |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme face=Trajectory |
| 2 | **dry** | past | sweat | face |  |  |  | with sweat's gauntlet | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent it=Patient with gauntlet=Instrument |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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