---
title: gemma — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gemma» in the school dictionary: Gemma is a girl's name, popular in the UK, Ireland and Australia; it comes from Italian and Latin for «gem» or «jewel». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gemma

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Gemma, name, that, you, liverwort, Raindrops · **What happens:** be, come, break off, grow, ask, pass · **To what, where:** name, Italian, tiny bud, new plant, big sister, Gemma

<!-- .vabout -->
«gemma» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gemma in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gemma.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gemma is a girl's name, popular in the UK, Ireland and Australia; it comes from Italian and Latin for «gem» or «jewel».

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gemma:m1:1
# text = Gemma is a girl's name, popular in the UK, Ireland and Australia; it comes from Italian and Latin for «gem» or «jewel».
1	Gemma	Gemma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	popular	popular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	Italian	Italian	PROPN	NNP	_	18	obl	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	Latin	Latin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	_
23	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	gem	gem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	_
27	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
28	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	jewel	jewel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Gemma | a girl's name |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **come** | present | name |  |  | Italian and Latin |  | for gem or jewel | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from italian=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A gemma is a tiny bud or group of cells on mosses and liverworts that breaks off and grows into a new plant.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gemma:m2:1
# text = A gemma is a tiny bud or group of cells on mosses and liverworts that breaks off and grows into a new plant.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gemma	gemma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bud	bud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	mosses	moss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	liverworts	liverwort	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	breaks	break	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
17	off	off	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
20	into	into	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a gemma | a tiny bud or group of cells on mosses and liverworts |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **break off** | present | that |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **grow** | present | that *not said here* |  |  |  |  | into a new plant *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into plant=Result |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gemma is my best friend's big sister.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gemma:x1:1
# text = Gemma is my best friend's big sister.
1	Gemma	gemma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	amod	_	_
5	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Gemma | my best friend's big sister |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ask Gemma to pass the scissors.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gemma:x2:1
# text = Ask Gemma to pass the scissors.
1	Ask	ask	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	Gemma	Gemma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	scissors	scissors	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | imperative | you *not said here* |  | Gemma |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S\_INF»: agent=Agent gemma=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **pass** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the scissors |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme scissors=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The liverwort had tiny cups full of gemmae.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gemma:x3:1
# text = The liverwort had tiny cups full of gemmae.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	liverwort	liverwort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cups	cup	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	gemmae	gemma	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the liverwort | tiny cups |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cup=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Raindrops splash the gemmae out of their cups.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gemma:x4:1
# text = Raindrops splash the gemmae out of their cups.
1	Raindrops	raindrop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	splash	splash	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	gemmae	gemma	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	out	out	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	cups	cup	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **splash** | present | Raindrops | the gemmae |  | Raindrops's cups |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent gemma=Theme out cup=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each gemma can grow into a new plant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gemma:x5:1
# text = Each gemma can grow into a new plant.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	gemma	gemma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | can | each gemma |  |  |  |  | into a new plant *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into plant=Result |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gemma scored the winning goal in netball.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gemma:x6:1
# text = Gemma scored the winning goal in netball.
1	Gemma	Gemma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	scored	score	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	winning	win	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	goal	goal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	netball	netball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **score** | past | Gemma | the winning goal |  | netball |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goal=Theme |
| 2 | **win** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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