---
title: genetic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «genetic» in the school dictionary: Genetic means to do with genes, the tiny instructions inside living cells that are passed from parents to children and decide things like eye colour. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# genetic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Genetic, genetic illness, science, Eye colour, DNA, illnesses · **What happens:** mean, do, pass, decide, be, pass down · **To what, where:** living cells, children, things, one, families, science · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«genetic» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [genetic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/genetic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Genetic means to do with genes, the tiny instructions inside living cells that are passed from parents to children and decide things like eye colour.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:m1:1
# text = Genetic means to do with genes, the tiny instructions inside living cells that are passed from parents to children and decide things like eye colour.
1	Genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	genes	gene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	instructions	instruction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	appos	_	_
11	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl:relcl	_	_
17	from	from	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	decide	decide	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
23	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	_
24	like	like	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Genetic |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  | living cells |  | with genes | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **pass** | present · passive |  | living cells | children |  |  | from parents | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: subject=Theme from parent=Initial\_Location to child=Destination |
| 4 | **decide** | present |  | things |  |  |  | like eye colour | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent thing=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A genetic illness or feature is one that is passed down in families through genes.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:m2:1
# text = A genetic illness or feature is one that is passed down in families through genes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	feature	feature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	down	down	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
14	through	through	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	genes	gene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a genetic illness or feature | one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pass down** | present · passive |  |  |  | families |  | through genes | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: subject=Theme in family=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Genetic can describe science that studies or changes genes, as in «genetic engineering».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:m3:1
# text = Genetic can describe science that studies or changes genes, as in «genetic engineering».
1	Genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	reparandum	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	describe	describe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
9	genes	gene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	engineering	engineering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | can |  | science |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent science=Theme |
| 2 | **study** | present | science |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **change** | present | science *not said here* | genes |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gene=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Eye colour is partly genetic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:x1:1
# text = Eye colour is partly genetic.
1	Eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Eye colour |  |  |  |  | genetic, partly *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
DNA carries the genetic code.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:x2:1
# text = DNA carries the genetic code.
1	DNA	DNA	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	code	code	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | DNA | the genetic code |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent code=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some illnesses are genetic and run in families.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:x3:1
# text = Some illnesses are genetic and run in families.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	illnesses	illness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	families	family	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | some illnesses |  |  |  |  | genetic *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | present | some illnesses *not said here* |  |  | families |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in family=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists are studying the genetic differences between wolves and dogs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:x4:1
# text = Scientists are studying the genetic differences between wolves and dogs.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	studying	study	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	differences	difference	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	between	between	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	wolves	wolf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present · progressive | Scientists | the genetic differences |  |  |  | between wolves and dogs | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difference=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crops were genetically modified to resist pests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:x5:1
# text = The crops were genetically modified to resist pests.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crops	crop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	genetically	genetically	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	modified	modify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	resist	resist	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	pests	pest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **modify** | past · passive |  | the crops |  |  |  | genetically *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **resist** | to-infinitive |  | pests |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Identical twins share the same genetic information.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:x6:1
# text = Identical twins share the same genetic information.
1	Identical	identical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	twins	twin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	share	share	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	information	information	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **share** | present | Identical twins | the same genetic information |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Genetic tests can show where your ancestors came from.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetic:x7:1
# text = Genetic tests can show where your ancestors came from.
1	Genetic	genetic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	tests	test	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	8	advmod	_	_
6	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | can | Genetic tests |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **come** | past | your ancestors |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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