---
title: genetics — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «genetics» in the school dictionary: Genetics is the science of how features, like eye colour, are passed from parents to children through genes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# genetics

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Genetics, genes, study, Mendel, red hair, grandads · **What happens:** be, pass, bear, affect, grow, look · **To what, where:** science, features, children, genes, genetics, study · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«genetics» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [genetics in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/genetics.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Genetics is the science of how features, like eye colour, are passed from parents to children through genes.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:m1:1
# text = Genetics is the science of how features, like eye colour, are passed from parents to children through genes.
1	Genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	14	advmod	_	_
7	features	feature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	advcl	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
19	through	through	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	genes	gene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Genetics | the science |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pass** | present · passive |  | features | children | genes |  | from parents | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: subject=Theme from parent=Initial\_Location to child=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Someone's genetics are the genes they were born with, which affect how they grow and look.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:m2:1
# text = Someone's genetics are the genes they were born with, which affect how they grow and look.
1	Someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	genes	gene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	born	bear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	affect	affect	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
14	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	16	advmod	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Someone's genetics | the genes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **bear** | past · passive | the genes *not said here* | genetics |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **affect** | present | the genes |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **grow** | present | genetics |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **look** | present | genetics *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Genetics is the study of how living things inherit features.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:x1:1
# text = Genetics is the study of how living things inherit features.
1	Genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
7	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
9	inherit	inherit	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
10	features	feature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Genetics | the study |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **inherit** | present | the study *not said here* | features |  |  |  | of living things | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent feature=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mendel discovered rules of genetics by growing peas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:x2:1
# text = Mendel discovered rules of genetics by growing peas.
1	Mendel	Mendel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	discovered	discover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
8	peas	pea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **discover** | past | Mendel | rules of genetics |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rule=Topic |
| 2 | **grow** | gerund | Mendel *not said here* | peas |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location pea=Theme |
| 3 | **rule** |  | genetics |  |  |  |  |  | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My red hair comes from genetics; both my grandads had it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:x3:1
# text = My red hair comes from genetics; both my grandads had it.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
8	both	both	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	10	det:predet	_	_
9	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	grandads	grandad	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | My red hair |  |  | genetics |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from genetics=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **have** | past | my grandads | hair |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Genetics helps doctors understand some illnesses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:x4:1
# text = Genetics helps doctors understand some illnesses.
1	Genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	doctors	doctor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	understand	understand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
6	illnesses	illness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Genetics |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **understand** | infinitive | doctors | some illnesses |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer illness=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Farmers use genetics to breed cows that give more milk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:x5:1
# text = Farmers use genetics to breed cows that give more milk.
1	Farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	breed	breed	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	give	give	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Farmers | genetics |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent genetics=Patient |
| 2 | **breed** | to-infinitive | Farmers *not said here* | cows |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **give** | present | cows | more milk |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent milk=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists who study genetics are called geneticists.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:x6:1
# text = Scientists who study genetics are called geneticists.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	study	study	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
4	genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	geneticists	geneticist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | Scientists | genetics |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent genetics=Topic |
| 2 | **call** | present · passive |  | Scientists |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tall parents often have tall children because of genetics.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:genetics:x7:1
# text = Tall parents often have tall children because of genetics.
1	Tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	often	often	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	genetics	genetics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Tall parents | tall children |  |  |  | because genetics; often *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent child=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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