---
title: geological — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «geological» in the school dictionary: To do with geology, the science of the Earth's rocks, soil, layers and how they formed and changed. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# geological

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** layers, Grand Canyon, geological map, Fossils, scientists, Giant Causeway · **What happens:** do, form, change, be, show, help · **To what, where:** famous geological feature, rocks, ground, scientists, geological wonder, geological terms

<!-- .vabout -->
«geological» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [geological in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/geological.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with geology, the science of the Earth's rocks, soil, layers and how they formed and changed.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:m1:1
# text = To do with geology, the science of the Earth's rocks, soil, layers and how they formed and changed.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	20	advmod	_	_
19	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	acl:relcl	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	changed	change	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with geology and the science of the Earth's rocks and soil and layers | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **form** | past | layers *= layer* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **change** | past | layers *= layer* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with very long stretches of Earth's history, millions of years long: geological time.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:m2:1
# text = To do with very long stretches of Earth's history, millions of years long: geological time.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	stretches	stretch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	millions	million	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
15	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
17	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | time | with long stretches of Earth's history and millions of years | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Grand Canyon is a famous geological feature.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:x1:1
# text = The Grand Canyon is a famous geological feature.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Grand	Grand	PROPN	NNP	_	3	compound	_	_
3	Canyon	Canyon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	feature	feature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Grand Canyon | a famous geological feature |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A geological map shows the rocks under the ground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:x2:1
# text = A geological map shows the rocks under the ground.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	map	map	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | a geological map | the rocks |  | the ground |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent rock=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fossils help scientists understand geological time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:x3:1
# text = Fossils help scientists understand geological time.
1	Fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	understand	understand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Fossils | scientists |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent scientist=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **understand** | infinitive | scientists *not said here* |  |  |  | time |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Giant's Causeway in Ireland is a geological wonder of basalt columns.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:x4:1
# text = The Giant's Causeway in Ireland is a geological wonder of basalt columns.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	Giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	Causeway	Causeway	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	wonder	wonder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	basalt	basalt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	columns	column	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Giant Causeway in Ireland | a geological wonder |  |  |  | of basalt columns | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In geological terms, humans arrived only a moment ago.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:x5:1
# text = In geological terms, humans arrived only a moment ago.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	terms	term	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	humans	human	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	arrived	arrive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	only	only	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	moment	moment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl:unmarked	_	_
10	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **arrive** | past | humans |  |  | geological terms |  | ago *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The geological survey found coal under the hills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:x6:1
# text = The geological survey found coal under the hills.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	survey	survey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	coal	coal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | the geological survey | coal |  | the hills |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coal=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rocks form layers over geological ages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:x7:1
# text = Rocks form layers over geological ages.
1	Rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	form	form	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	ages	age	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | Rocks | layers |  |  | over geological ages |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location layer=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was a geological book, containing an account of the boulders.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geological:x8:1
# text = It was a geological book, containing an account of the boulders.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	geological	geological	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	containing	contain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	account	account	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	boulders	boulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | It | a geological book |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **contain** | gerund | a geological book *not said here* | a account of the boulders |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot account=Theme |
| 3 | **account** |  |  | the boulders |  |  |  |  | nom account «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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