---
title: geologist — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «geologist» in the school dictionary: A geologist is a scientist who studies rocks, soil, minerals and how the Earth was formed and changes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# geologist

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** geologist, scientist, Geologists, rock, mum · **What happens:** be, study, form, change, tell, find · **To what, where:** scientist, rocks, Earth, layers, cliff, geologist · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«geologist» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [geologist in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/geologist.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A geologist is a scientist who studies rocks, soil, minerals and how the Earth was formed and changes.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geologist:m1:1
# text = A geologist is a scientist who studies rocks, soil, minerals and how the Earth was formed and changes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	geologist	geologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	minerals	mineral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
14	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	18	advmod	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a geologist | a scientist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **study** | present | a scientist | rocks and soil and minerals |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rock=Topic |
| 3 | **form** | past · passive |  | the Earth |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 4 | **change** | present | a scientist *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The geologist studied the layers in the cliff.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geologist:x1:1
# text = The geologist studied the layers in the cliff.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	geologist	geologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	studied	study	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	layers	layer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | past | the geologist | the layers |  | the cliff |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent layer=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Geologists can tell how old a rock is.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geologist:x2:1
# text = Geologists can tell how old a rock is.
1	Geologists	geologist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | can | Geologists |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | a rock |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My mum is a geologist who studies volcanoes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geologist:x3:1
# text = My mum is a geologist who studies volcanoes.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	geologist	geologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My mum | a geologist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **study** | present | a geologist | volcanoes |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volcano=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A geologist found fossils in the shale.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geologist:x4:1
# text = A geologist found fossils in the shale.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	geologist	geologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	fossils	fossil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	shale	shale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | participle | a geologist | fossils |  | the shale |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fossil=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Geologists help find water underground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geologist:x5:1
# text = Geologists help find water underground.
1	Geologists	geologist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
4	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	underground	underground	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Geologists |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **find** | infinitive | Geologists *not said here* | water |  |  |  | underground *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Topic |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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