---
title: geology — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «geology» in the school dictionary: The science of the Earth's rocks, soil, minerals, volcanoes, earthquakes and how the Earth has changed over time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/G/geology/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [G](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/G/) / geology

# geology

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Earth, Geology, geologist, We, uncle, us · **What happens:** change, feature, be, show, include, learn · **To what, where:** particular place, study, rock collection, us, old volcanoes, geology

<!-- .vabout -->
«geology» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [geology in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/geology.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The science of the Earth's rocks, soil, minerals, volcanoes, earthquakes and how the Earth has changed over time.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geology:m1:1
# text = The science of the Earth's rocks, soil, minerals, volcanoes, earthquakes and how the Earth has changed over time.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	minerals	mineral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	earthquakes	earthquake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
17	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	21	advmod	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
20	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	changed	change	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
22	over	over	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present · perfect | the Earth |  |  |  | time |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rocks and land features of a particular place, as in «the geology of Scotland».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geology:m2:1
# text = The rocks and land features of a particular place, as in «the geology of Scotland».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	features	feature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	particular	particular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **feature** |  |  | a particular place |  |  |  |  | nom feature «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Geology is the study of rocks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geology:x1:1
# text = Geology is the study of rocks.
1	Geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Geology | the study |  |  |  | of rocks | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A geologist showed us her rock collection.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geology:x2:1
# text = A geologist showed us her rock collection.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	geologist	geologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	collection	collection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | a geologist | geologist's rock collection | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient collection=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The geology of the Lake District includes old volcanoes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geology:x3:1
# text = The geology of the Lake District includes old volcanoes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Lake	Lake	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	District	District	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	includes	include	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | the geology of the Lake District | old volcanoes |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volcano=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned about the rock cycle in geology club.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geology:x4:1
# text = We learned about the rock cycle in geology club.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	cycle	cycle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	club	club	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We |  |  |  |  | about the rock cycle in geology club | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about cycle=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My uncle studied geology at university.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geology:x5:1
# text = My uncle studied geology at university.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	studied	study	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	university	university	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | past | My uncle | geology |  | university |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent geology=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Geology helps us understand earthquakes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:geology:x6:1
# text = Geology helps us understand earthquakes.
1	Geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	understand	understand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	earthquakes	earthquake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Geology | us |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **understand** | infinitive | us *not said here* | earthquakes |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer earthquake=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [geologist](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/G/geologist/)
- next →: [geordie](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/G/geordie/)
- ↑ back to [G in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/G/)