---
title: glacier — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «glacier» in the school dictionary: A glacier is a huge, thick mass of ice that moves very slowly over land, like a frozen river. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# glacier

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** glacier, huge thick mass, Glaciers, more snow, snow, We · **What happens:** be, move, freeze, form, fall, melt · **To what, where:** huge thick mass, land, ice, few centimetres, glacier, trip · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«glacier» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [glacier in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/glacier.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A glacier is a huge, thick mass of ice that moves very slowly over land, like a frozen river.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:m1:1
# text = A glacier is a huge, thick mass of ice that moves very slowly over land, like a frozen river.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	mass	mass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	moves	move	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	very	very	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
15	over	over	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	amod	_	_
21	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a glacier | a huge thick mass |  |  |  | of ice | tree rules |
| 2 | **move** | present | a huge thick mass |  |  | land |  | like a frozen river; slowly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme over land=Trajectory |
| 3 | **freeze** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Glaciers form where more snow falls each year than melts, so the snow piles up and presses into ice.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:m2:1
# text = Glaciers form where more snow falls each year than melts, so the snow piles up and presses into ice.
1	Glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	form	form	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	6	advmod	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	falls	fall	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	_
9	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	melts	melt	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	so	so	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	piles	pile	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
16	up	up	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	presses	press	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
19	into	into	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | Glaciers |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **fall** | present | more snow |  |  |  | year |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **melt** | present | more snow *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **pile up** | present | the snow |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **press** | present | the snow *not said here* |  |  | ice |  |  | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent into ice=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A glacier moves only a few centimetres or metres a day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x1:1
# text = A glacier moves only a few centimetres or metres a day.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	moves	move	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	centimetres	centimetre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	metres	metre	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | present | a glacier | a few centimetres or metres |  |  | day |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent centimetre=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw a glacier on our trip to New Zealand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x2:1
# text = We saw a glacier on our trip to New Zealand.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	flat	_	_
10	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | a glacier |  | our trip to New Zealand |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer glacier=Stimulus |
| 2 | **trip** |  | our |  |  |  |  | to New Zealand | nom trip «act transitive»: poss=agent to=obl |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Long ago, glaciers covered much of Canada and northern Britain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x3:1
# text = Long ago, glaciers covered much of Canada and northern Britain.
1	Long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
2	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past | glaciers | much of Canada and northern Britain |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme much=Destination |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The glacier carved a wide U-shaped valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x4:1
# text = The glacier carved a wide U-shaped valley.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	carved	carve	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	wide	wide	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
6	U	U	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carve** | past | the glacier | a wide shaped valley |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent valley=Theme |
| 2 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many glaciers are melting because the climate is getting warmer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x5:1
# text = Many glaciers are melting because the climate is getting warmer.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	melting	melt	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	climate	climate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	getting	get	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
10	warmer	warm	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **melt** | present · progressive | Many glaciers |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **get** | present · progressive | the climate |  |  |  |  | warm *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Icebergs break off glaciers that reach the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x6:1
# text = Icebergs break off glaciers that reach the sea.
1	Icebergs	iceberg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	break	break	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	off	off	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	glaciers	glacier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	reach	reach	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **break off** | present | Icebergs | glaciers |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer glacier=Patient |
| 2 | **reach** | present | glaciers | the sea |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent sea=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Walking on a glacier is dangerous because of hidden cracks called crevasses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x7:1
# text = Walking on a glacier is dangerous because of hidden cracks called crevasses.
1	Walking	walk	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	hidden	hidden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	cracks	crack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
11	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	crevasses	crevasse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | gerund |  |  |  | a glacier |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on glacier=Trajectory |
| 2 | **is** | present | Walking |  |  |  |  | because hidden cracks; dangerous *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **call** | participle | hidden cracks *not said here* | crevasses |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our teacher showed photos of the same glacier fifty years apart.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x8:1
# text = Our teacher showed photos of the same glacier fifty years apart.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	photos	photo	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	fifty	fifty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	apart	apart	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Our teacher | photos of the same glacier |  |  |  | apart *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent photo=Recipient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They had only one more glacier to climb.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glacier:x9:1
# text = They had only one more glacier to climb.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	glacier	glacier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	climb	climb	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | They | one more glacier |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glacier=Patient |
| 2 | **climb** | to-infinitive | They *not said here* | one more glacier *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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