---
title: glowworm — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «glowworm» in the school dictionary: A glowworm is a kind of beetle whose females, which look like soft grubs without wings, give off a green light from their tails at night. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# glowworm

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** glowworm, females, glowworms, gnat, we, cave roof · **What happens:** be, look, give off, hang, glow, shine · **To what, where:** kind, green light, tails, tiny larvae, caves, glowworm

<!-- .vabout -->
«glowworm» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [glowworm in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/glowworm.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A glowworm is a kind of beetle whose females, which look like soft grubs without wings, give off a green light from their tails at night.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:m1:1
# text = A glowworm is a kind of beetle whose females, which look like soft grubs without wings, give off a green light from their tails at night.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glowworm	glowworm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	beetle	beetle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	females	female	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
13	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	grubs	grub	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
16	without	without	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	give	give	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
20	off	off	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
24	from	from	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	tails	tail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
27	at	at	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a glowworm | a kind |  |  |  | of beetle | tree rules |
| 2 | **look** | present | females |  |  |  |  | like soft grubs; without wings | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 3 | **give off** | present | females *not said here* | a green light |  | females's tails | night |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source light=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In New Zealand and Australia, glowworms are the tiny larvae of a gnat that hang in caves and glow blue, like stars.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:m2:1
# text = In New Zealand and Australia, glowworms are the tiny larvae of a gnat that hang in caves and glow blue, like stars.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
3	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	glowworms	glowworm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	larvae	larva	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	gnat	gnat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	hang	hang	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	glow	glow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
21	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	like	like	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | glowworms | the tiny larvae |  |  |  | of a gnat | tree rules |
| 2 | **hang** | present | a gnat |  |  | caves |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in cave=Location |
| 3 | **glow** | present | a gnat *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like stars; blue *property* | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The glowworm shone in the grass at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x1:1
# text = The glowworm shone in the grass at night.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glowworm	glowworm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	shone	shine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shine** | participle |  | the glowworm *not said here* |  | the grass | night |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in grass=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In New Zealand we saw glowworms in a cave.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x2:1
# text = In New Zealand we saw glowworms in a cave.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
3	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	glowworms	glowworm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | we | glowworms |  | New Zealand |  | in a cave | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer glowworm=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Glowworms make light inside their bodies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x3:1
# text = Glowworms make light inside their bodies.
1	Glowworms	glowworm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	bodies	body	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Glowworms | light |  | Glowworms's bodies |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent light=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cave roof looked like a sky full of stars because of the glowworms.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x4:1
# text = The cave roof looked like a sky full of stars because of the glowworms.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
11	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	14	case	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	glowworms	glowworm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | the cave roof |  |  |  |  | like a sky; because the glowworms | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Female glowworms glow to attract males.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x5:1
# text = Female glowworms glow to attract males.
1	Female	female	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	glowworms	glowworm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	glow	glow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	attract	attract	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	males	male	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **glow** | present | Female glowworms |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location |
| 2 | **attract** | to-infinitive | Female glowworms *not said here* | males |  |  |  |  | vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent male=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We walked quietly so we didn't disturb the glowworms.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x6:1
# text = We walked quietly so we didn't disturb the glowworms.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	quietly	quietly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	disturb	disturb	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	glowworms	glowworm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | past | We |  |  |  |  | quietly *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **disturb** | past · do-support | we | the glowworms |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus glowworm=Experiencer |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A glowworm is not really a worm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x7:1
# text = A glowworm is not really a worm.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glowworm	glowworm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
5	really	really	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	worm	worm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** | present | a glowworm | a worm |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fireflies and glowworms are related beetles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x8:1
# text = Fireflies and glowworms are related beetles.
1	Fireflies	firefly	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	glowworms	glowworm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	beetles	beetle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Fireflies and glowworms | related beetles |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Dear little Glowworm, will you set me free?”

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:glowworm:x9:1
# text = “Dear little Glowworm, will you set me free?”
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Dear	dear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	Glowworm	glowworm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	set	set	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	free	free	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **set** *in a quote* | future | Dear little Glowworm | me |  |  |  | free *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient i=Result |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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