---
title: gosh — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gosh» in the school dictionary: an exclamation of surprise, shock or delight, a soft stand-in for «God». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gosh

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** emphasis, I, you, she, that, he · **What happens:** exclaim, use, add, be, forget, grow · **To what, where:** surprise, emphasis, homework, you, present, hard test · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«gosh» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gosh in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gosh.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: mild — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
an exclamation of surprise, shock or delight, a soft stand-in for «God».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:m1:1
# text = an exclamation of surprise, shock or delight, a soft stand-in for «God».
1	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	exclamation	exclamation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	surprise	surprise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	shock	shock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	delight	delight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
11	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
12	stand	stand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	in	in	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
15	for	for	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **exclaim** |  |  | surprise |  |  |  |  | nom exclamation «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
used to add emphasis: «Gosh, it's hot».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:m2:1
# text = used to add emphasis: «Gosh, it's hot».
1	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	add	add	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
4	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	Gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	11	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **add** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive |  | emphasis |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent emphasis=Patient |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | emphasis |  |  |  |  | hot *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gosh, what a big dog!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:x1:1
# text = Gosh, what a big dog!
1	Gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	3	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Oh my gosh, I forgot my homework!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:x2:1
# text = Oh my gosh, I forgot my homework!
1	Oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	3	discourse	_	_
2	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	6	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	forgot	forget	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	homework	homework	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **forget** | past | I | my homework |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gosh, you've grown so tall.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:x3:1
# text = Gosh, you've grown so tall.
1	Gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	grown	grow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present · perfect | you |  |  |  |  | tall *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Gosh, thank you!" she said when she opened the present.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:x4:1
# text = "Gosh, thank you!" she said when she opened the present.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	thank	thank	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
10	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
11	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	opened	open	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	present	present	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **thank** *speech: thank* *in a quote* | present |  |  | you |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: express* | past | she |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **open** | past | she | the present |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location present=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gosh, that was a hard test.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:x5:1
# text = Gosh, that was a hard test.
1	Gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | that | a hard test |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
By gosh, he's done it!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:x6:1
# text = By gosh, he's done it!
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	6	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present · passive | he | it |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gosh, it's freezing today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:x7:1
# text = Gosh, it's freezing today.
1	Gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	freezing	freeze	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | present · progressive | it |  |  |  | today |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People say "gosh" instead of a stronger word.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gosh:x8:1
# text = People say "gosh" instead of a stronger word.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	gosh	gosh	INTJ	UH	_	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	stronger	strong	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | People |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent gosh=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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