---
title: gothic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gothic» in the school dictionary: In the style of many churches and cathedrals built in Europe from about 1150 to 1500, with pointed arches, tall spires and big stained-glass windows. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gothic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Gothic stories, Gothic windows, haunted castle, teenage cousin, We, Goths · **What happens:** build, stain, be, have, haunt, feel · **To what, where:** many churches, spooky tales, Westminster, Gothic style, pointed tops, Goth music

<!-- .vabout -->
«gothic» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gothic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gothic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: architecture, history — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the style of many churches and cathedrals built in Europe from about 1150 to 1500, with pointed arches, tall spires and big stained-glass windows.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:m1:1
# text = In the style of many churches and cathedrals built in Europe from about 1150 to 1500, with pointed arches, tall spires and big stained-glass windows.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	style	style	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	churches	church	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	cathedrals	cathedral	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
9	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	about	about	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	1150	1150	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	obl	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	1500	1500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	pointed	pointed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	arches	arch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	spires	spire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
25	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
26	stained	stain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	28	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	compound	_	_
29	windows	window	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | participle |  | many churches and cathedrals *not said here* |  |  |  | from 1150 to 1500; with pointed arches and tall spires and big glass windows; in Europe | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in europe=Attribute |
| 2 | **stain** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: stories — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gothic stories are spooky tales with old castles, ghosts, dark nights and mystery.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:m2:1
# text = Gothic stories are spooky tales with old castles, ghosts, dark nights and mystery.
1	Gothic	gothic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	spooky	spooky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	tales	tale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	castles	castle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	ghosts	ghost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	nights	night	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	mystery	mystery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Gothic stories | spooky tales |  |  | night | with old castles and ghosts | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Of the Goths, an old Germanic people, or their language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:m3:1
# text = Of the Goths, an old Germanic people, or their language.
1	Of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Goths	Goth	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	Germanic	germanic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Goth, informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
a style of dress and music with black clothes and dark make-up.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:m4:1
# text = a style of dress and music with black clothes and dark make-up.
1	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	style	style	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	dress	dress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	music	music	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	6	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
12	make	make	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	up	up	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Westminster Abbey is built in the Gothic style.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:x1:1
# text = Westminster Abbey is built in the Gothic style.
1	Westminster	Westminster	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	Abbey	Abbey	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Gothic	gothic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	style	style	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | present · passive |  | Westminster |  | the Gothic style |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gothic windows have pointed tops.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:x2:1
# text = Gothic windows have pointed tops.
1	Gothic	gothic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	windows	window	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	pointed	pointed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	tops	top	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Gothic windows | pointed tops |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent top=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The haunted castle in the story felt very gothic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:x3:1
# text = The haunted castle in the story felt very gothic.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	haunted	haunt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	felt	feel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	gothic	gothic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **haunt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **feel** | past | the haunted castle in the story |  |  |  |  | gothic *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her teenage cousin likes Goth music and black clothes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:x4:1
# text = Her teenage cousin likes Goth music and black clothes.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teenage	teenage	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	likes	like	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	Goth	Goth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	music	music	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	clothes	clothes	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **like** | present | Her teenage cousin | Goth music and black clothes |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot music=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We drew a Gothic cathedral with flying buttresses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:x5:1
# text = We drew a Gothic cathedral with flying buttresses.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Gothic	gothic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cathedral	cathedral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	amod	_	_
8	buttresses	buttress	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | We | a Gothic cathedral |  |  |  | with flying buttresses | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cathedral=Theme |
| 2 | **fly** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old Bible was printed in Gothic letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:x6:1
# text = The old Bible was printed in Gothic letters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	printed	print	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	Gothic	gothic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **print** | past · passive |  | the old Bible |  | Gothic letters |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in letter=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Goths were a people who fought against Rome.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:x7:1
# text = The Goths were a people who fought against Rome.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Goths	Goth	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	fought	fight	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the Goths | a people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **fight** | past | a people |  |  |  |  | against Rome | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Its walls are built of coral, and the long, gothic windows are of the clearest amber.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gothic:x8:1
# text = Its walls are built of coral, and the long, gothic windows are of the clearest amber.
1	Its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	coral	coral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
10	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
12	gothic	gothic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	windows	window	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
14	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	clearest	clear	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	18	amod	_	_
18	amber	amber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | present · passive |  | Its walls |  |  |  | of coral | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **is** | present | the long gothic windows |  |  |  |  | of the clearest amber | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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