---
title: government — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «government» in the school dictionary: The group of people who run a country, state or city and make decisions about laws, taxes and services. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# government

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** people, government, much money schools, Local government, prime minister, federal government · **What happens:** run, make, rule, be, decide, get · **To what, where:** country, decisions, way, large region, old Russia, government · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«government» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [government in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/government.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The group of people who run a country, state or city and make decisions about laws, taxes and services.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:m1:1
# text = The group of people who run a country, state or city and make decisions about laws, taxes and services.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	run	run	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
15	decisions	decision	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	about	about	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	taxes	tax	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	services	service	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | present | people | a country and state or city |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme country=Trajectory |
| 2 | **make** | present | people *not said here* | decisions |  |  |  | about laws and taxes and services | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset decision=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The way a country is ruled.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:m2:1
# text = The way a country is ruled.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	ruled	rule	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rule** | present · passive |  | the way |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In old Russia, a government was a large region of the empire, ruled by its own official.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:m3:1
# text = In old Russia, a government was a large region of the empire, ruled by its own official.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Russia	Russia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	region	region	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	empire	empire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	ruled	rule	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	conj	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	official	official	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | a government | a large region |  | old Russia |  | of the empire | tree rules |
| 2 | **rule** | participle | a government *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by government's own official | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The government decides how much money schools get.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:x1:1
# text = The government decides how much money schools get.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	decides	decide	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
5	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	schools	school	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	get	get	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **decide** | present | the government |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **get** | present | much money schools |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People vote to choose the government.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:x2:1
# text = People vote to choose the government.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	vote	vote	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	choose	choose	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vote** | present | People |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **choose** | to-infinitive | People *not said here* | the government |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent government=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Local government looks after parks and bins.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:x3:1
# text = Local government looks after parks and bins.
1	Local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	parks	park	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	bins	bin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | Local government |  |  |  | after parks and bins |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The prime minister leads the British government.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:x4:1
# text = The prime minister leads the British government.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	prime	prime	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	minister	minister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	leads	lead	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | present | the prime minister | the British government |  |  |  |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent government=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the USA, the federal government is in Washington, D.C.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:x5:1
# text = In the USA, the federal government is in Washington, D.C.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	federal	federal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Washington	Washington	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	D.C.	D.C.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod:unmarked	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the federal government |  |  | Washington |  | D.C. *nmod:unmarked* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The government built a new hospital in our town.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:x6:1
# text = The government built a new hospital in our town.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	hospital	hospital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | past | the government | a new hospital |  | our town |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset hospital=Product |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Long ago, many countries were ruled by kings, not elected governments.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:x7:1
# text = Long ago, many countries were ruled by kings, not elected governments.
1	Long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
2	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	ruled	rule	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	elected	elect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	amod	_	_
13	governments	government	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rule** | past · passive | kings and elected governments | many countries |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 2 | **not** **elect** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The government gave money to farmers after the floods.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:government:x8:1
# text = The government gave money to farmers after the floods.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	government	government	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	after	after	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	floods	flood	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the government | money | farmers |  | after the floods |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent money=Theme to farmer=Recipient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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