---
title: graver — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «graver» in the school dictionary: Graver means more serious or more worrying: a graver danger. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# graver

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Graver, flood, face, Nothing, artist, situation · **What happens:** mean, be, grow, lie, cut, think · **To what, where:** sharp tool, graver danger, oath, lines, things, guidance

<!-- .vabout -->
«graver» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [graver in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/graver.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Graver means more serious or more worrying: a graver danger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:m1:1
# text = Graver means more serious or more worrying: a graver danger.
1	Graver	graver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
7	worrying	worrying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	graver	graver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Graver |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A graver is a sharp tool for cutting lines into metal, wood or stone (an engraving tool).

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:m2:1
# text = A graver is a sharp tool for cutting lines into metal, wood or stone (an engraving tool).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	graver	graver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	tool	tool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	cutting	cutting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	wood	wood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	engraving	engraving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	tool	tool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a graver | a sharp tool |  |  |  | for cutting lines into metal and wood or stone | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The flood was a graver danger than the wind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:x1:1
# text = The flood was a graver danger than the wind.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	graver	graver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the flood | a graver danger |  |  |  | than the wind | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor's face grew graver.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:x2:1
# text = The doctor's face grew graver.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	grew	grow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	graver	grave	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | past | the doctor's face |  |  |  |  | grave *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Nothing could be graver than lying under oath.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:x3:1
# text = Nothing could be graver than lying under oath.
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	4	nsubj	_	_
2	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	cop	_	_
4	graver	grave	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	lying	lie	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	oath	oath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | could | Nothing |  |  |  |  | grave *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **lie** | gerund | Nothing *not said here* |  |  | oath |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent under oath=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The artist cut the lines with a graver.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:x4:1
# text = The artist cut the lines with a graver.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	artist	artist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cut	cut	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lines	line	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	graver	graver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | past | the artist | the lines |  |  |  | with a graver | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent line=Patient with graver=Instrument |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The situation is graver than we thought.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:x5:1
# text = The situation is graver than we thought.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	situation	situation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	graver	grave	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	thought	think	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the situation |  |  |  |  | grave *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **think** *speech: other* | past | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lying would only make things graver.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:x6:1
# text = Lying would only make things graver.
1	Lying	lie	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	nsubj	_	_
2	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	only	only	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	graver	grave	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | would |  | things |  |  |  | grave *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset thing=Product |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For she had also been wise, and lack-ing her guidance, all grave affairs seemed graver, shadowing each day and going with him to the pillow at night.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:graver:x7:1
# text = For she had also been wise, and lack-ing her guidance, all grave affairs seemed graver, shadowing each day and going with him to the pillow at night.
1	For	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
6	wise	wise	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	lack	lack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	ing	e	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	parataxis	_	_
12	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	guidance	guidance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	17	det	_	_
16	grave	grave	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	affairs	affair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
18	seemed	seem	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
19	graver	grave	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	18	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	shadowing	shadow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
22	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	23	det	_	_
23	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
26	with	with	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	obl	_	_
28	to	to	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	pillow	pillow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
31	at	at	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past · perfect | she |  |  |  |  | wise *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **e** | gerund |  | her guidance |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **seem** | past | all grave affairs | her guidance *not said here* |  |  |  | grave *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme guidance=Attribute |
| 4 | **shadow** | gerund |  |  |  |  | day |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **go** | gerund |  |  |  | the pillow | night | with him *= he* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to pillow=Initial\_Location |
| 6 | **guide** |  | her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom guidance «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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