---
title: gravestone — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gravestone» in the school dictionary: A stone put on a grave, with the name of the person buried there and words about them. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gravestone

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** stone, We, gravestone, gravestones, class · **What happens:** put, bury, name, read, cover, leave · **To what, where:** stone, grave, person, names, old gravestones, gravestone · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«gravestone» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gravestone in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gravestone.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A stone put on a grave, with the name of the person buried there and words about them.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gravestone:m1:1
# text = A stone put on a grave, with the name of the person buried there and words about them.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
3	put	put	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	grave	grave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	buried	bury	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	14	advmod	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
18	about	about	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | participle |  | a stone *not said here* |  | a grave |  | with the name of the person | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on grave=Destination |
| 2 | **bury** | past | a stone |  |  | there |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **name** |  |  | the person |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We read the names on the old gravestones in the churchyard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gravestone:x1:1
# text = We read the names on the old gravestones in the churchyard.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	gravestones	gravestone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	churchyard	churchyard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | past | We | the names |  | the old gravestones in the churchyard |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The gravestone was covered in moss.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gravestone:x2:1
# text = The gravestone was covered in moss.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gravestone	gravestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	moss	moss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past · passive |  | the gravestone |  |  |  | in moss | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in moss=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Flowers were left by the gravestone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gravestone:x3:1
# text = Flowers were left by the gravestone.
1	Flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	gravestone	gravestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past · passive | the gravestone | Flowers |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some gravestones have carved angels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gravestone:x4:1
# text = Some gravestones have carved angels.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	gravestones	gravestone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	carved	carve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	angels	angel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some gravestones | carved angels |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent angel=Patient |
| 2 | **carve** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her gravestone said «A loving mother».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gravestone:x5:1
# text = Her gravestone said «A loving mother».
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	gravestone	gravestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	loving	loving	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Her gravestone |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The class drew rubbings of the gravestones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gravestone:x6:1
# text = The class drew rubbings of the gravestones.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	rubbings	rubbing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	gravestones	gravestone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **draw** | past | the class | rubbings of the gravestones |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rubbing=Theme |
| 2 | **rub** |  |  | the gravestones |  |  |  |  | nom rubbing «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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