---
title: grind — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «grind» in the school dictionary: To crush something into tiny pieces or powder, like grinding wheat into flour or coffee beans. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# grind

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Hard boring work, mill, Pepper, people, back teeth, it · **What happens:** crush, grind, make, rub, go, mean · **To what, where:** something, tiny pieces, wheat, flour, it, hard surface · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«grind» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [grind in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/grind.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To crush something into tiny pieces or powder, like grinding wheat into flour or coffee beans.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:m1:1
# text = To crush something into tiny pieces or powder, like grinding wheat into flour or coffee beans.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	crush	crush	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	powder	powder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	grinding	grind	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
12	wheat	wheat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
13	into	into	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	flour	flour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	beans	bean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crush** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | into tiny pieces or powder *result* | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent something=Patient into piece=Result |
| 2 | **grind** | gerund |  | wheat |  | flour or coffee beans |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent wheat=Material into flour=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make something sharp or smooth by rubbing it on a hard surface.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:m2:1
# text = To make something sharp or smooth by rubbing it on a hard surface.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	smooth	smooth	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |
| 2 | **rub** | gerund |  | it |  | a hard surface |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent it=Theme on surface=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To rub things together hard and noisily: «grind your teeth».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:m3:1
# text = To rub things together hard and noisily: «grind your teeth».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	rub	rub	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	together	together	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	noisily	noisily	ADV	RB	_	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	grind	grind	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
11	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | to-infinitive |  | things |  |  |  | hard, together *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **grind** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | your teeth |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun, informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hard, boring work that goes on and on: «the daily grind».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:m4:1
# text = Hard, boring work that goes on and on: «the daily grind».
1	Hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	boring	boring	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	on	on	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	on	on	ADV	RB	_	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	daily	daily	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	grind	grind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | Hard boring work | the daily grind |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«grind to a halt» means slowly stop.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:m5:1
# text = «grind to a halt» means slowly stop.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	grind	grind	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	7	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	halt	halt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	stop	stop	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grind** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | to a halt | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **stop** | present |  |  |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mill grinds wheat into flour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:x1:1
# text = The mill grinds wheat into flour.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mill	mill	NOUN	NN	_	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grinds	grind	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	wheat	wheat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	flour	flour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grind** | present | the mill | wheat |  | flour |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent wheat=Material into flour=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pepper is ground in a pepper mill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:x2:1
# text = Pepper is ground in a pepper mill.
1	Pepper	pepper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	pepper	pepper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	mill	mill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Pepper | ground |  | a pepper mill |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some people grind their teeth in their sleep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:x3:1
# text = Some people grind their teeth in their sleep.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	grind	grind	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grind** | present | some people | people's teeth |  | people's sleep |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient |
| 2 | **sleep** |  | people |  |  |  |  |  | nom sleep «state intransitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The traffic ground to a halt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:x4:1
# text = The traffic ground to a halt.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	traffic	traffic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	halt	halt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our back teeth grind our food.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:x5:1
# text = Our back teeth grind our food.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	grind	grind	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grind** | present | Our back teeth | our food |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He ground the knife on a stone to sharpen it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:x6:1
# text = He ground the knife on a stone to sharpen it.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	knife	knife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	sharpen	sharpen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sharpen** | to-infinitive |  | stone |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the holidays, it's back to the grind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:x7:1
# text = After the holidays, it's back to the grind.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	holidays	holiday	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	back	back	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	grind	grind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | it |  |  |  | after the holidays | to the grind | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And the Goblin put the tongue on the coffee-mill, and how it began to grind!

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:grind:x8:1
# text = And the Goblin put the tongue on the coffee-mill, and how it began to grind!
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Goblin	Goblin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	tongue	tongue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	mill	mill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	16	advmod	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	grind	grind	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | the Goblin | the tongue |  | the coffee mill |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent tongue=Theme on mill=Destination |
| 2 | **begin** | past | Goblin |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **grind** | to-infinitive | Goblin *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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