---
title: gulf — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gulf» in the school dictionary: A large area of sea that is partly surrounded by land, bigger than a bay (the Gulf of Mexico). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gulf

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** land, deep hole, Gulf, Gulf Stream, huge gulf, Hurricanes · **What happens:** surround, open, be, carry, say, do · **To what, where:** large area, ground, north, warm water, Atlantic, warm Gulf waters · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«gulf» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gulf in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gulf.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A large area of sea that is partly surrounded by land, bigger than a bay (the Gulf of Mexico).

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:m1:1
# text = A large area of sea that is partly surrounded by land, bigger than a bay (the Gulf of Mexico).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
8	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	surrounded	surround	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	bigger	big	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
14	than	than	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	bay	bay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
17	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	Gulf	Gulf	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	appos	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Mexico	Mexico	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **surround** | present · passive | land | a large area of sea |  |  |  | partly *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A big difference or gap between people, groups or ideas (a gulf between rich and poor).

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:m2:1
# text = A big difference or gap between people, groups or ideas (a gulf between rich and poor).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	difference	difference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	gap	gap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	_
12	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	gulf	gulf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
15	between	between	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	nmod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A deep hole or opening in the ground (old or literary).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:m3:1
# text = A deep hole or opening in the ground (old or literary).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	opening	open	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	literary	literary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | gerund | a deep hole *not said here* |  |  | the ground |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in ground=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Gulf of Mexico is south of the USA.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:x1:1
# text = The Gulf of Mexico is south of the USA.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Gulf	Gulf	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Mexico	Mexico	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
6	south	south	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Gulf of Mexico |  |  |  |  | of the USA; south *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A gulf is like a very big bay.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:x2:1
# text = A gulf is like a very big bay.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gulf	gulf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	bay	bay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a gulf |  |  |  |  | like a big bay | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Gulf of Carpentaria is in the north of Australia.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:x3:1
# text = The Gulf of Carpentaria is in the north of Australia.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Gulf	Gulf	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Carpentaria	Carpentaria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Gulf of Carpentaria |  |  | the north |  | of Australia | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Gulf Stream carries warm water across the Atlantic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:x4:1
# text = The Gulf Stream carries warm water across the Atlantic.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Gulf	Gulf	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Stream	Stream	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	across	across	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Atlantic	Atlantic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | the Gulf Stream | warm water |  | the Atlantic |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was a huge gulf between what he said and what he did.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:x5:1
# text = There was a huge gulf between what he said and what he did.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	gulf	gulf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	between	between	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nmod	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	9	ccomp	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a huge gulf |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | gulf |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **do** | past | gulf |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hurricanes often form over the warm Gulf waters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:x6:1
# text = Hurricanes often form over the warm Gulf waters.
1	Hurricanes	hurricane	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	often	often	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	form	form	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	Gulf	Gulf	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | present | Hurricanes |  |  | the warm Gulf waters |  | often *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over water=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Lion was about to reply when suddenly they came to another gulf across the road.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulf:x7:1
# text = The Lion was about to reply when suddenly they came to another gulf across the road.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Lion	Lion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	about	about	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	reply	reply	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
8	suddenly	suddenly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
9	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	advcl	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	13	det	_	_
13	gulf	gulf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	across	across	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the Lion |  |  |  |  | about *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **reply** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | the Lion *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn respond-113 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **come** | past | they |  |  | the road |  | to another gulf; suddenly *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme to gulf=Initial\_Location across road=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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