---
title: gulp — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «gulp» in the school dictionary: To swallow food or drink quickly in big mouthfuls. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# gulp

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, He, She, I, teacher, my · **What happens:** swallow, drink, be, gulp, breathe, gulp down · **To what, where:** food, big mouthfuls, water, gulp air, air, milk · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«gulp» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [gulp in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/gulp.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To swallow food or drink quickly in big mouthfuls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:m1:1
# text = To swallow food or drink quickly in big mouthfuls.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	swallow	swallow	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	drink	drink	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	mouthfuls	mouthful	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swallow** | to-infinitive |  | food |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient |
| 2 | **drink** | infinitive |  |  |  | big mouthfuls |  | quickly *property* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To swallow suddenly because you are nervous, scared or surprised.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:m2:1
# text = To swallow suddenly because you are nervous, scared or surprised.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	swallow	swallow	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	suddenly	suddenly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	nervous	nervous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	scared	scared	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	surprised	surprised	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swallow** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | suddenly *property* | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | you |  |  |  |  | nervous *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **be** |  | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A big swallow or mouthful: «a gulp of water».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:m3:1
# text = A big swallow or mouthful: «a gulp of water».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	swallow	swallow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	mouthful	mouthful	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	gulp	gulp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gulp** *in a quote* |  |  | water |  |  |  |  | nom gulp «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To breathe in air quickly: «gulp air».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:m4:1
# text = To breathe in air quickly: «gulp air».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	gulp	gulp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **breathe** | to-infinitive |  | gulp air |  | air |  | quickly *property* | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He gulped down his milk and ran out of the door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x1:1
# text = He gulped down his milk and ran out of the door.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gulped	gulp	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	down	down	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gulp down** | past | He | his milk |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent milk=Patient |
| 2 | **run** | past | He *not said here* |  |  | the door |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme out door=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't gulp your food; chew it properly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x2:1
# text = Don't gulp your food; chew it properly.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	gulp	gulp	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	chew	chew	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **gulp** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | your food |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient |
| 2 | **chew** | infinitive | you *not said here* | food |  |  |  | properly *property* | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She drank the water in one gulp.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x3:1
# text = She drank the water in one gulp.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drank	drink	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	gulp	gulp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drink** | past | She | the water |  | one gulp |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I gulped when the teacher called my name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x4:1
# text = I gulped when the teacher called my name.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gulped	gulp	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gulp** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **call** | past | the teacher | my name |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent name=Recipient |
| 3 | **name** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The swimmer came up and gulped air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x5:1
# text = The swimmer came up and gulped air.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	swimmer	swimmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	gulped	gulp	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come up** | past | the swimmer |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **gulp** | past | the swimmer *not said here* | air |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Take a big gulp of air before you go under.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x6:1
# text = Take a big gulp of air before you go under.
1	Take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	gulp	gulp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
10	under	under	ADP	IN	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | imperative | you *not said here* | a big gulp of air |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gulp=Theme |
| 2 | **go** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **gulp** |  |  | air |  |  |  |  | nom gulp «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gulp! The giant was looking right at me.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Gulp!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x7:1
# text = Gulp!
1	Gulp	gulp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* The giant was looking right at me.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x7:2
# text = The giant was looking right at me.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	giant	giant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	right	right	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past · progressive | the giant |  |  |  |  | at me; right *property* | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at i=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And holding the glass with his two hands, he swallowed the medicine at one gulp.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:gulp:x8:1
# text = And holding the glass with his two hands, he swallowed the medicine at one gulp.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
2	holding	hold	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	advcl	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	at	at	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	16	nummod	_	_
16	gulp	gulp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | gerund | he *not said here* | the glass |  |  |  | with his two hands | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent glass=Theme |
| 2 | **swallow** | past | he | the medicine |  | one gulp |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent medicine=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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