---
title: hackney — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hackney» in the school dictionary: Hackney, a borough (area) in East London. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hackney

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** it, cousin, sign, Hackney ponies, ponies, you · **What happens:** step, use, pull, hackney, mean, become · **To what, where:** carriages, Hackney, legs, hackney coach, hackneyed opening, hackneyed phrases · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«hackney» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hackney in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hackney.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hackney, a borough (area) in East London.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:m1:1
# text = Hackney, a borough (area) in East London.
1	Hackney	hackney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	borough	borough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
5	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	East	East	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
10	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hackney carriage: the official name for a taxi in the UK, especially a black cab.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:m2:1
# text = A hackney carriage: the official name for a taxi in the UK, especially a black cab.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	hackney	hackney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	carriage	carriage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	official	official	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	taxi	taxi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	cab	cab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A breed of horse or pony with a high-stepping trot, once used to pull carriages.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:m3:1
# text = A breed of horse or pony with a high-stepping trot, once used to pull carriages.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	breed	breed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	pony	pony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
9	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	stepping	step	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	amod	_	_
12	trot	trot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	15	advmod	_	_
15	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	pull	pull	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl	_	_
18	carriages	carriage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **step** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | once *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **pull** | to-infinitive |  | carriages |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent carriage=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Hackneyed» means used so often it has become boring: a hackneyed phrase.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:m4:1
# text = «Hackneyed» means used so often it has become boring: a hackneyed phrase.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Hackneyed	hackney	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	ccomp	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
7	often	often	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
11	boring	boring	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	hackneyed	hackney	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	amod	_	_
15	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hackney** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **use** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **become** | present · perfect | it |  |  |  |  | boring, often *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **hackney** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My cousin lives in Hackney in East London.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:x1:1
# text = My cousin lives in Hackney in East London.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Hackney	Hackney	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	East	East	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | My cousin |  |  | Hackney |  | in East | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in hackney=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sign on the black cab said «Hackney Carriage».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:x2:1
# text = The sign on the black cab said «Hackney Carriage».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cab	cab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	Hackney	Hackney	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	Carriage	Carriage	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the sign on the black cab |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hackney ponies lift their legs high when they trot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:x3:1
# text = Hackney ponies lift their legs high when they trot.
1	Hackney	hackney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	ponies	pony	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lift	lift	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	trot	trot	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift** | present | Hackney ponies | ponies's legs |  |  |  | high *property* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Theme |
| 2 | **trot** | present | ponies *= pony* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Victorian times you could hire a hackney coach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:x4:1
# text = In Victorian times you could hire a hackney coach.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	Victorian	victorian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	hire	hire	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	hackney	hackney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hire** | could | you | a hackney coach |  |  | time |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coach=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Once upon a time» is a hackneyed opening for a story.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:x5:1
# text = «Once upon a time» is a hackneyed opening for a story.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	10	advmod	_	_
3	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	hackneyed	hackney	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	opening	opening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hackney** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | a hackneyed opening |  |  |  | for a story; once *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The writer avoided hackneyed phrases.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:x6:1
# text = The writer avoided hackneyed phrases.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	writer	writer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	avoided	avoid	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hackneyed	hackney	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	phrases	phrase	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **avoid** | past | the writer | hackneyed phrases |  |  |  |  | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent phrase=Location |
| 2 | **hackney** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Two minutes later, he was sitting in a hackney-coach and driving to Frederickshafen.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hackney:x7:1
# text = Two minutes later, he was sitting in a hackney-coach and driving to Frederickshafen.
1	Two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	later	late	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	sitting	sit	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	hackney	hackney	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	driving	drive	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Frederickshafen	Frederickshafen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past · progressive | he |  |  | a hackney coach |  | late *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in coach=Location |
| 2 | **drive** | gerund | he *not said here* |  |  | Frederickshafen |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent to frederickshafen=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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