---
title: haggling — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «haggling» in the school dictionary: Arguing about the price of something to make it cheaper, especially at a market. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# haggling

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Arguing, lot, some, he, Mum, two traders · **What happens:** argue, make, be, haggle, pay, hate · **To what, where:** price, market, markets, us

<!-- .vabout -->
«haggling» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [haggling in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/haggling.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Arguing about the price of something to make it cheaper, especially at a market.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:haggling:m1:1
# text = Arguing about the price of something to make it cheaper, especially at a market.
1	Arguing	argue	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	csubj	_	_
2	about	about	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nmod	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	cheaper	cheap	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
13	at	at	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	market	market	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **argue** *speech: disagree* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | about the price of something | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V PP.theme S»: agent=Agent about price=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | Arguing | price |  |  |  | cheap *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was a lot of haggling at the market.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:haggling:x1:1
# text = There was a lot of haggling at the market.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	haggling	haggle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	market	market	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a lot |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **haggle** | gerund | a lot *not said here* |  |  | the market |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After some haggling, he paid less for the rug.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:haggling:x2:1
# text = After some haggling, he paid less for the rug.
1	After	after	SCONJ	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	nsubj	_	_
3	haggling	haggle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	paid	pay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	rug	rug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **haggle** | gerund | some |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pay** | past | he |  |  |  |  | for the rug; less *property* | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for rug=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Haggling is common in markets in many countries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:haggling:x3:1
# text = Haggling is common in markets in many countries.
1	Haggling	haggle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	markets	market	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **haggle** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | markets in many countries |  | common *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum hates haggling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:haggling:x4:1
# text = Mum hates haggling.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hates	hate	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	haggling	haggle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hate** | present | Mum |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **haggle** *not said to happen* | gerund | Mum *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The two traders were haggling over the price.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:haggling:x5:1
# text = The two traders were haggling over the price.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	3	nummod	_	_
3	traders	trader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	haggling	haggle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **haggle** | past · progressive | the two traders |  |  | the price |  |  | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Haggling saved us five pounds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:haggling:x6:1
# text = Haggling saved us five pounds.
1	Haggling	haggle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	saved	save	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	xcomp	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	pounds	pound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **haggle** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **save** | participle |  | us |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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