---
title: handwriting — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «handwriting» in the school dictionary: Writing that you do with a pen or pencil by hand, not typed. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# handwriting

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, Writing, way, person, your, handwriting · **What happens:** write, do, not type, look, handwrite, get · **To what, where:** neat handwriting, best handwriting, handwriting, letter, own handwriting

<!-- .vabout -->
«handwriting» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [handwriting in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/handwriting.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Writing that you do with a pen or pencil by hand, not typed.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:m1:1
# text = Writing that you do with a pen or pencil by hand, not typed.
1	Writing	write	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	csubj:pass	_	_
2	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	pen	pen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	pencil	pencil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	typed	type	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **do** | present | you |  |  |  |  | with a pen or pencil; by hand | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **type** | participle | Writing |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The way a person's writing looks: «neat handwriting».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:m2:1
# text = The way a person's writing looks: «neat handwriting».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	writing	writing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	looks	look	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	neat	neat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | the way  a person's writing | neat handwriting |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **write** |  | a person |  |  |  |  |  | nom writing «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please write in your best handwriting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:x1:1
# text = Please write in your best handwriting.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	amod	_	_
6	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | your best handwriting |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in handwriting=Destination |
| 2 | **handwrite** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom handwriting «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My handwriting gets messy when I rush.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:x2:1
# text = My handwriting gets messy when I rush.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	messy	messy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	rush	rush	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | My handwriting |  |  |  |  | messy *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **rush** | present | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **handwrite** |  | My |  |  |  |  |  | nom handwriting «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We practise joined-up handwriting every morning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:x3:1
# text = We practise joined-up handwriting every morning.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	practise	practise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	joined	join	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
6	handwriting	handwrite	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **practise** | present | We |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **join up** | participle | We *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **handwrite** | gerund | We *not said here* |  |  |  | morning |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The detective recognised the handwriting on the letter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:x4:1
# text = The detective recognised the handwriting on the letter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	detective	detective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	recognised	recognise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **recognise** | past | the detective | the handwriting |  | the letter |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer handwriting=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her handwriting is small and neat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:x5:1
# text = Her handwriting is small and neat.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	neat	neat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Her handwriting |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Her handwriting *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **handwrite** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom handwriting «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I can't read the doctor's handwriting!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:x6:1
# text = I can't read the doctor's handwriting!
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **read** | can | I | the doctor's handwriting |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent handwriting=Topic |
| 2 | **handwrite** |  | the doctor |  |  |  |  |  | nom handwriting «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And yet it is undeniably my own handwriting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:handwriting:x7:1
# text = And yet it is undeniably my own handwriting.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
2	yet	yet	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	undeniably	undeniably	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | it | my own handwriting |  |  | yet | undeniably *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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