---
title: hard — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hard» in the school dictionary: Hard means firm and not soft, like a rock or a nut. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/hard/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [H](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/) / hard

# hard

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Hard, test, He, Hard candies, hardest puzzle, ground · **What happens:** mean, work, push, be, have, cost · **To what, where:** difficult, someone, 10 easy 5 hard questions, 10 cents, 500 pieces, race

<!-- .vabout -->
«hard» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hard in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hard.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hard means firm and not soft, like a rock or a nut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:m1:1
# text = Hard means firm and not soft, like a rock or a nut.
1	Hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	firm	firm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	nut	nut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Hard |  |  |  |  | firm *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hard means difficult, not easy: a hard question.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:m2:1
# text = Hard means difficult, not easy: a hard question.
1	Hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	difficult	difficult	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	6	advmod	_	_
6	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	question	question	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Hard | difficult |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent difficult=Topic |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hard as an adverb means with a lot of effort or force: work hard, push hard.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:m3:1
# text = Hard as an adverb means with a lot of effort or force: work hard, push hard.
1	Hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj	_	_
2	as	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	adverb	adverb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	force	force	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
14	work	work	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
15	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	push	push	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
18	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Hard |  |  |  |  | with a lot of effort or force | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **work** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **push** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hard can also mean strict or unkind: be hard on someone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:m4:1
# text = Hard can also mean strict or unkind: be hard on someone.
1	Hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	strict	strict	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	unkind	unkind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  | hard, strict *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | infinitive |  |  |  | someone |  | hard *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The test had 10 easy and 5 hard questions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x1:1
# text = The test had 10 easy and 5 hard questions.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
5	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	questions	question	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the test | 10 easy 5 hard questions |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent question=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He worked hard for 3 hours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x2:1
# text = He worked hard for 3 hours.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | past | He |  |  |  | hour | hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hard candies cost 10 cents each.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x3:1
# text = Hard candies cost 10 cents each.
1	Hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	candies	candy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cost	cost	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	cents	cent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | Hard candies | 10 cents  each |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme cent=Value |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hardest puzzle has 500 pieces.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x4:1
# text = The hardest puzzle has 500 pieces.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	hardest	hard	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	amod	_	_
3	puzzle	puzzle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the hardest puzzle | 500 pieces |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent piece=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ground was hard after the frost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x5:1
# text = The ground was hard after the frost.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the ground |  |  |  | after the frost | hard *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is hard to wake up early in winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x6:1
# text = It is hard to wake up early in winter.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	expl	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	wake	wake	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	early	early	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **wake up** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | winter | early *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She tried hard and finished the race.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x7:1
# text = She tried hard and finished the race.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	tried	try	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	finished	finish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **try** | past | She |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **finish** | past | She *not said here* | the race |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality race=Eventuality |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Diamond is very hard and can cut glass.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x8:1
# text = Diamond is very hard and can cut glass.
1	Diamond	diamond	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	cut	cut	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
8	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Diamond |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cut** | can | Diamond *not said here* | glass |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset glass=Product |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It rained hard all night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hard:x9:1
# text = It rained hard all night.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	rained	rain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rain** | past | It |  |  |  | night | hard *property* | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [harbour](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/harbour/)
- next →: [hardback](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/hardback/)
- ↑ back to [H in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/)