---
title: harden — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «harden» in the school dictionary: To become hard or firm, or to make something hard. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# harden

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** melted chocolate, you, Concrete, Wax, it, face · **What happens:** become, make, melt, harden, leave, take · **To what, where:** something, fridge, clay, bad news, pieces, Bread

<!-- .vabout -->
«harden» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [harden in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/harden.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To become hard or firm, or to make something hard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:m1:1
# text = To become hard or firm, or to make something hard.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	become	become	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	firm	firm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	obj	_	_
11	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Of a person or feelings: to become less kind or less soft, or more determined.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:m2:1
# text = Of a person or feelings: to become less kind or less soft, or more determined.
1	Of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	feelings	feeling	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	become	become	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl:relcl	_	_
9	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	10	advmod	_	_
10	kind	kind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	13	advmod	_	_
13	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	17	advmod	_	_
17	determined	determined	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | kind *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The melted chocolate will harden in the fridge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:x1:1
# text = The melted chocolate will harden in the fridge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	melted	melt	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	harden	harden	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fridge	fridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **melt** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **harden** | future | the melted chocolate |  |  | the fridge |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leave the clay to harden overnight.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:x2:1
# text = Leave the clay to harden overnight.
1	Leave	leave	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	harden	harden	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	overnight	overnight	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | imperative | you *not said here* | the clay |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent clay=Theme |
| 2 | **harden** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | overnight *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Concrete takes days to harden fully.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:x3:1
# text = Concrete takes days to harden fully.
1	Concrete	concrete	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	harden	harden	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	fully	fully	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | present | Concrete |  |  |  | day |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **harden** | to-infinitive | Concrete *not said here* |  |  |  |  | fully *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wax hardens as it cools.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:x4:1
# text = Wax hardens as it cools.
1	Wax	Wax	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hardens	harden	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	cools	cool	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **harden** | present | Wax |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **cool** | present | it |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His face hardened when he heard the bad news.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:x5:1
# text = His face hardened when he heard the bad news.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	hardened	harden	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **harden** | past | His face |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **hear** | past | face | the bad news |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer news=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The glue hardened and stuck the pieces together.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:x6:1
# text = The glue hardened and stuck the pieces together.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	glue	glue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	hardened	harden	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	stuck	stick	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	together	together	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **harden** | past | the glue |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **stick** | past | the glue *not said here* | the pieces |  |  |  | together *property* | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent piece=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bread hardens if you leave it out.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:x7:1
# text = Bread hardens if you leave it out.
1	Bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hardens	harden	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
4	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	leave	leave	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	out	out	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **harden** | present | Bread |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **leave out** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you | Bread |  |  |  |  | vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Inge heard all this, and her heart became hardened and full of bitterness.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:harden:x8:1
# text = Inge heard all this, and her heart became hardened and full of bitterness.
1	Inge	Inge	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
4	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	hardened	harden	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	bitterness	bitterness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | Inge | this |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer this=Stimulus |
| 2 | **harden** | past · passive |  | Inge's heart |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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