---
title: hardship — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hardship» in the school dictionary: Hardship is a situation of suffering or difficulty, especially from not having enough money, food or other things you need. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# hardship

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Hardship, difficulty, you, one particular difficulty, family, Many people · **What happens:** be, not have, need, make, face, suffer · **To what, where:** situation, enough money, other things, one particular difficulty, life, great hardship · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«hardship» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hardship in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hardship.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hardship is a situation of suffering or difficulty, especially from not having enough money, food or other things you need.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:m1:1
# text = Hardship is a situation of suffering or difficulty, especially from not having enough money, food or other things you need.
1	Hardship	hardship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	situation	situation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	suffering	suffering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	13	mark	_	_
12	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
13	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
14	enough	enough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
21	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Hardship | a situation or difficulty |  |  |  | of suffering | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **have** | gerund | difficulty *not said here* | enough money and food or other things |  |  |  | especially *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Patient |
| 3 | **need** | present | you | other things *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot thing=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hardship is one particular difficulty that makes life hard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:m2:1
# text = A hardship is one particular difficulty that makes life hard.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hardship	hardship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	particular	particular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a hardship | one particular difficulty |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | present | one particular difficulty | life |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset life=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The family faced great hardship during the war.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:x1:1
# text = The family faced great hardship during the war.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	faced	face	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	hardship	hardship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	during	during	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **face** | past | the family | great hardship |  |  | during the war |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme hardship=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many people suffered hardship when the factory closed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:x2:1
# text = Many people suffered hardship when the factory closed.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	suffered	suffer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hardship	hardship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	factory	factory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	closed	close	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suffer** | past | Many people | hardship |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer hardship=Stimulus |
| 2 | **close** | participle | the factory |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pioneers on the trail to Oregon endured many hardships.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:x3:1
# text = Pioneers on the trail to Oregon endured many hardships.
1	Pioneers	pioneer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Oregon	Oregon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	endured	endure	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	hardships	hardship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **endure** | past | Pioneers on the trail to Oregon | many hardships |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme hardship=Circumstance |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The school has a hardship fund to help pay for trips.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:x4:1
# text = The school has a hardship fund to help pay for trips.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	hardship	hardship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	fund	fund	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	_
9	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	trips	trip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the school | a hardship fund |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fund=Patient |
| 2 | **help** | to-infinitive | the school *not said here* | a hardship fund *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **pay** | infinitive | a hardship fund *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for trips | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for trip=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Despite the hardship, they stayed cheerful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:x5:1
# text = Despite the hardship, they stayed cheerful.
1	Despite	despite	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	hardship	hardship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	cheerful	cheerful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | past | they |  |  |  |  | despite the hardship; cheerful *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Losing a job can bring financial hardship.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:x6:1
# text = Losing a job can bring financial hardship.
1	Losing	lose	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	financial	financial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	hardship	hardship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | gerund |  | a job |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Eventuality |
| 2 | **bring** | can | Losing | financial hardship |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent hardship=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The explorers suffered hardships of cold and hunger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:x7:1
# text = The explorers suffered hardships of cold and hunger.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	explorers	explorer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	suffered	suffer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hardships	hardship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	hunger	hunger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suffer** | past | the explorers | hardships of cold and hunger |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer hardship=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The king said, "Oh, Conall, you came through great hardships.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardship:x8:1
# text = The king said, "Oh, Conall, you came through great hardships.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
5	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	Oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	8	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	Conall	Conall	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
12	through	through	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	hardships	hardship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the king |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **come through** *in a quote* | past | you | great hardships |  |  |  | through *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location hardship=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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