---
title: hardy — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «hardy» in the school dictionary: Strong and able to live through hard conditions such as cold, wind or little food, as in «hardy sheep». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/hardy/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [H](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/) / hardy

# hardy

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** few hardy swimmers, Hardy, Highland cattle, hardy animals, Pansies, few hardy fans · **What happens:** live, survive, go, be, stay, grow · **To what, where:** hard conditions, winter frost, icy sea, surname, hardy animals, hardy flowers

<!-- .vabout -->
«hardy» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [hardy in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/hardy.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Strong and able to live through hard conditions such as cold, wind or little food, as in «hardy sheep».

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:m1:1
# text = Strong and able to live through hard conditions such as cold, wind or little food, as in «hardy sheep».
1	Strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	through	through	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	conditions	condition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	fixed	_	_
11	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	as	as	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
19	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	hardy	hardy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | hard conditions such cold and wind or little food |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: plants — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Able to survive winter frost outdoors, as in «a hardy plant».

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:m2:1
# text = Able to survive winter frost outdoors, as in «a hardy plant».
1	Able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	survive	survive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	frost	frost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	outdoors	outdoors	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	hardy	hardy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **survive** | to-infinitive |  | winter frost |  |  |  | outdoors *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Brave and tough, as in «a few hardy swimmers went into the icy sea».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:m3:1
# text = Brave and tough, as in «a few hardy swimmers went into the icy sea».
1	Brave	brave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	tough	tough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	hardy	hardy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	swimmers	swimmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
13	into	into	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	icy	icy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** *in a quote* | past | a few hardy swimmers |  |  | the icy sea |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into sea=Initial\_Location |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hardy is a surname, as in the writer Thomas Hardy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:m4:1
# text = Hardy is a surname, as in the writer Thomas Hardy.
1	Hardy	hardy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	surname	surname	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	writer	writer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
10	Thomas	Thomas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	Hardy	Hardy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Hardy | a surname and the writer |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Highland cattle are hardy animals that live outside all winter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:x1:1
# text = Highland cattle are hardy animals that live outside all winter.
1	Highland	highland	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	hardy	hardy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	outside	outside	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Highland cattle | hardy animals |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | hardy animals |  |  |  | winter |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pansies are hardy flowers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:x2:1
# text = Pansies are hardy flowers.
1	Pansies	pansy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	hardy	hardy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Pansies | hardy flowers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A few hardy fans stayed despite the rain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:x3:1
# text = A few hardy fans stayed despite the rain.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	hardy	hardy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	fans	fan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	stayed	stay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	despite	despite	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | past | a few hardy fans |  |  |  |  | despite the rain | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hardiest plants grow high up on mountains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:x4:1
# text = The hardiest plants grow high up on mountains.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	hardiest	hardy	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	amod	_	_
3	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	high	high	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	6	advmod	_	_
6	up	up	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | the hardiest plants |  |  | mountains |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on mountain=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Only hardy souls go swimming in the sea in January.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:x5:1
# text = Only hardy souls go swimming in the sea in January.
1	Only	only	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	hardy	hardy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	souls	soul	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	swimming	swim	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	January	January	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | hardy souls |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **swim** | gerund | hardy souls *not said here* |  |  | the sea in January |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in sea=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thomas Hardy wrote novels about the countryside.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:x6:1
# text = Thomas Hardy wrote novels about the countryside.
1	Thomas	Thomas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Hardy	Hardy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	novels	novel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	countryside	countryside	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | Thomas | novels |  |  |  | about the countryside | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent novel=Recipient about countryside=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pomegranate seed from Spain became a hardy plant on the coast of West Jutland.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:hardy:x7:1
# text = The pomegranate seed from Spain became a hardy plant on the coast of West Jutland.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	pomegranate	pomegranate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	seed	seed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Spain	Spain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	hardy	hardy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	xcomp	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	West	West	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	Jutland	Jutland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past | the pomegranate seed from Spain | a hardy plant on the coast of West Jutland |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [hardship](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/hardship/)
- next →: [hare](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/hare/)
- ↑ back to [H in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/H/)