---
title: headstone — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «headstone» in the school dictionary: A headstone is a stone set at the head of a grave, with the name of the person who died and often a short message. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# headstone

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** headstone, person, We, headstones, family · **What happens:** be, set, die, name, mean, put · **To what, where:** stone, head, person, main stone, flowers, headstone · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«headstone» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [headstone in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/headstone.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A headstone is a stone set at the head of a grave, with the name of the person who died and often a short message.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headstone:m1:1
# text = A headstone is a stone set at the head of a grave, with the name of the person who died and often a short message.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	headstone	headstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	set	set	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	grave	grave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj	_	_
21	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	19	acl:relcl	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
23	often	often	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	message	message	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a headstone | a stone and the name of the person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **set** | participle |  | a stone and the name of the person *not said here* |  | the head of a grave |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent at head=Destination |
| 3 | **die** | past | the person |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 4 | **name** |  |  | the person |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: building — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A headstone can also mean the main stone of a building, the keystone or cornerstone.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headstone:m2:1
# text = A headstone can also mean the main stone of a building, the keystone or cornerstone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	headstone	headstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	main	main	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	building	building	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	keystone	keystone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	appos	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	cornerstone	cornerstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | a headstone | the main stone of a building |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We put flowers by Grandma's headstone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headstone:x1:1
# text = We put flowers by Grandma's headstone.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	Grandma	Grandma	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	headstone	headstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | We | flowers |  |  |  | by Grandma's headstone | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent flower=Theme by headstone=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The headstone said, «Loved by all who knew her.»

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headstone:x2:1
# text = The headstone said, «Loved by all who knew her.»
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	headstone	headstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	Loved	love	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	obl	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the headstone |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **love** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by all | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **know** *in a quote* | past |  | headstone |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer she=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In history, we read the names on the old headstones in the churchyard.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headstone:x3:1
# text = In history, we read the names on the old headstones in the churchyard.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	headstones	headstone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	churchyard	churchyard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | past | we | the names |  | history |  | on the old headstones in the churchyard | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some headstones were so old that the words had worn away.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headstone:x4:1
# text = Some headstones were so old that the words had worn away.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	headstones	headstone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	so	so	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	advcl	_	_
11	away	away	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | some headstones |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **wear away** | past · perfect · passive |  | the words |  |  |  | away *property* | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: subject=Source |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The family chose a simple grey headstone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headstone:x5:1
# text = The family chose a simple grey headstone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	chose	choose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	grey	grey	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	headstone	headstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **choose** | past | the family | a simple grey headstone |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent headstone=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A little angel was carved on the headstone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headstone:x6:1
# text = A little angel was carved on the headstone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	angel	angel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	carved	carve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	headstone	headstone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carve** | past · passive |  | a little angel |  | the headstone |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme on headstone=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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