---
title: headwind — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «headwind» in the school dictionary: A wind blowing straight towards you, against the way you are going, which slows you down. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# headwind

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** wind, you, business, We, plane, ground speed · **What happens:** blow, go, slow down, make, face, cycle · **To what, where:** way, you, progress, headwinds, strong headwind, 500 km/h

<!-- .vabout -->
«headwind» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [headwind in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/headwind.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A wind blowing straight towards you, against the way you are going, which slows you down.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:m1:1
# text = A wind blowing straight towards you, against the way you are going, which slows you down.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
3	blowing	blow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	against	against	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	slows	slow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
17	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	down	down	ADP	RP	_	16	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **blow** | gerund | a wind and the way *not said here* |  |  |  |  | towards you; straight *property* | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent towards you=Recipient |
| 2 | **go** | present · progressive | you | the way *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location way=Theme |
| 3 | **slow down** | present | a wind and the way | you |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent you=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: figurative — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Something that makes progress harder.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:m2:1
# text = Something that makes progress harder.
1	Something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
4	progress	progress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	harder	hard	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present |  | progress |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset progress=Product |

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The business faced headwinds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:m2e:1
# text = The business faced headwinds.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	faced	face	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	headwinds	headwind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **face** | past | the business | headwinds |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme headwind=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We cycled home into a strong headwind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:x1:1
# text = We cycled home into a strong headwind.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	cycled	cycle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	home	home	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cycle** | past | We |  |  | a strong headwind |  | home *property* | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V PP.location»: agent=Theme into headwind=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The plane was late because of a headwind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:x2:1
# text = The plane was late because of a headwind.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	8	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the plane |  |  |  |  | because a headwind; late *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plane flies at 500 km/h; with a 50 km/h headwind its ground speed is 450 km/h.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:x3:1
# text = A plane flies at 500 km/h; with a 50 km/h headwind its ground speed is 450 km/h.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plane	plane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	flies	fly	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	km/h	km/h	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
10	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	km/h	km/h	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
13	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
14	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
17	450	450	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
18	km/h	km/h	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | present | a plane |  |  | 500 km/h |  | with a km/h headwind | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at km/h=Location |
| 2 | **is a** | present | plane's ground speed | 450 km/h |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Runners hate a headwind in a race.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:x4:1
# text = Runners hate a headwind in a race.
1	Runners	runner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hate	hate	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hate** | present | Runners | a headwind |  | a race |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer headwind=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The boat struggled against the headwind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:x5:1
# text = The boat struggled against the headwind.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	struggled	struggle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	against	against	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	headwind	headwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **struggle** | past | the boat |  |  |  |  | against the headwind | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new shop faced headwinds when prices rose.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:headwind:x6:1
# text = The new shop faced headwinds when prices rose.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	faced	face	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	headwinds	headwind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **face** | past | the new shop | headwinds |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme headwind=Destination |
| 2 | **rise** | past | prices |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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